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Week4LabGettingtoknowSPSS-Loafing2022-1.pptxLab Presentation
Week 4 Lab
Getting to know SPSS
Social Loafing – Study Data
Overview of The Lab 1
In this lab, you will learn how to set up SPSS, a statistical software program that makes the calculations that you did by hand in your statistics class seem like they come from the dinosaur age!
Do you have your data from your three Social Loafing surveys handy? If no, then get them! If yes, let’s begin!
Part One: Opening SPSS
Part Two: Creating a new file in SPSS
Part Three: Working with variables in SPSS
Part Four: Working with YOUR variables in SPSS
Part Five: An Eye Toward The Future!
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Overview of The Lab 2
Just a quick note: I am going to use some pictures and diagrams that can also be found in a PDF file on Canvas in the folder called “Getting to know SPSS” (in the “Resources folder”).
This folder includes the following
“Creating a new file in SPSS”
“Entering data in SPSS”
“Working with variables in SPSS”
I recommend looking at those documents as well as this lab presentation as you begin working with SPSS. The word documents will have a lot more detail than I present here
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Overview of The Lab 4
Finally, I want to mention that this class relies on SPSS a lot, but SPSS is not the only statistical software you can use. It is merely the one that I think is easiest for purposes of this course and your statistical understanding.
I did create additional powerpoint presentations that use Excel for statistical analyses. You can find these presentations in Canvas. Just be aware that Excel relies on using “syntax” statements to perform calculations (writing code), and thus lacks the “point-and-click” options that SPSS uses. As such, I prefer you use SPSS in this course, but Excel is an option
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Part One
Opening the SPSS Software
(Yes, you’ve seen this section before. If you already have SPSS on your computer, feel free to skip to slide #14)
Opening the SPSS Software 1
Working with SPSS
There are five ways to access SPSS
1. On Campus Computers
2. Buying the Textbook from the FIU Bookstore (with code)
3. Website Download (onthehub.com)
4. FIU E-labs
5. Panthertech Download
I’ll discuss the first four options briefly on the next slides, but I highly recommend you do #5 since it is free!
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Opening the SPSS Software 2
Working with SPSS
1. If you are working on a computer on campus, there is a good chance you can access SPSS already.
IF you are on campus, then click your start button on your computer, go into programs, and click on IBM SPSS Statistics. Open up IBM SPSS Statistics Version 26 (there may be later versions, but 26 is the most common at FIU. You can use any version; the newest version is the best!)
I use version 26 in this presentation, but others are okay
It might take a while to load, so please be patient!
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Opening the SPSS Software 3
Working with SPSS
2. If you bought the course textbook from the FIU bookstore, then you should have received a flash drive with SPSS on it. (There is a Windows version and a Mac version).
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Opening the SPSS Software 4
Working with SPSS
3. If you are not on campus (or your book did not come with SPSS), you can pay to download SPSS. There is a fee of $39.95 for a six month license at onthehub. If you have not already done so, you can download the software at: http://www.onthehub.com/spss/
The cheapest version is the basic 6 month license, which works for this course. Go into IBM SPSS Statistics 27 and download the IBM® SPSS® Statistics Base GradPack 27 for Windows (06-Mo Rental). This uses the “Statistics Base”
You can download for either Mac or Windows
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Opening the SPSS Software 5
Working with SPSS
4. You can also access SPSS from E-labs at FIU. Login using your FIU account information by going to
https://elabs.fiu.edu/Citrix/eLabsWeb/
However, as a WARNING E-labs is very temperamental, and you will have issues saving your work if you don’t download it correctly. E-labs is okay—but not perfect—so let me tell you the BEST option …
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Opening the SPSS Software 6
Working with SPSS
5. Panthertech Download
Go to https://panthertech.fiu.edu/store/myaccount/edit
Register so panthertech can approve your student status to download SPSS.
After you create your account, you might need to wait for one or two business day(s) to be able to download.
Once you see price tags under the SPSS software icons (see the image on the next slide), click the one you need (SPSS for Mac or for Windows)
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Opening the SPSS Software 7
Working with SPSS
5. Panthertech Download
Go to https://panthertech.fiu.edu/store/myaccount/edit
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Opening the SPSS Software 8
Working with SPSS
5. Panthertech Download
If you already have a panthertech account, copy and use these links:
For Windows: https://panthertech.fiu.edu/store/ibm- spss -26-personal-use-for-windows-%28student-and-faculty-staff%29-expires-9-30-20/dp/10920
For Macs: https://panthertech.fiu.edu/store/ibm- spss -26-personal-use-for-mac-%28student-and-faculty-staff%29-expires-9-30-20/dp/15834
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Opening the SPSS Software 9
Working with SPSS
5. Panthertech Download
See the “Downloading SPSS” Document under Student Resources for information or help with Panthertech and SPSS
Note that you may not be able to download if you have an FIU borrowed laptop. You might need to go with the E-labs option in that event.
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Part Two
Creating a new file in SPSS
(Hint: Print this powerpoint so you can work in SPSS)
Creating a new file in SPSS 1
Have you opened up the SPSS software yet? It might be under “IBM SPSS Statistics”. If it is open, you probably saw this …
Double click or select “New Dataset”
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Creating a new file in SPSS 2
Your next screen looks like this, or what I call a data view screen
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Part Three
Working With Variables in SPSS
Working With Variables in SPSS 1
Your data view screen
The data view screen is where we will start to enter our data, but first we must set up our SPSS for our specific variables
By default, data view presents a grid (similar to Excel) that has numbers down the first column. The word “var” is repeated over and over along the top row. We will come back to this screen later, but for now I want you to click the “variable view” tab at the bottom, left side of your screen
This will change the grid, allowing allow us to create new variables. That is …
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Working With Variables in SPSS 2
Your data view screen
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Working With Variables in SPSS 3
Your data view screen
Click “Variable View”
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Working With Variables in SPSS 4
Your Variable View screen
Click “Variable View”
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Working With Variables in SPSS 5
Your Variable View screen
Our job is to fill in these cells with our study variables.
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Working With Variables in SPSS 6
Your Variable View screen
Our job is to fill in these cells with our study variables.
Eventually, our variable view will screen will look like this …
Loafing variables
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Working With Variables in SPSS 7
Variable view screen
There are a few things to notice here before we begin to fill in the cells …
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Working With Variables in SPSS 8
Variable view screen
Name refers to the VERY SHORT name of your variable. You will have names for both independent and dependent variables, and no two names can be the same. Names cannot include spaces or special characters (like $%#@*&^!).
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Working With Variables in SPSS 9
Variable view screen
Type refers to the type of variable we have. The default is a “numerical” type, which means it uses numbers. This will be the one we use most frequently. If a person answers “4” on a scale of 1 to 6, the number “4” will be numerical
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Working With Variables in SPSS 10
Variable view screen
However, we might also use a variable that is “string” oriented. For string variables, we can type in whole words. This will come in handy if we need to type in words (like a person’s name or their ethnicity)
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Working With Variables in SPSS 11
Variable view screen
Width and decimals help you control how the numbers look. Width allows you to show more number or letter characters in each grid box; decimals allows you to view decimals. We will leave the width at 8 (default), but decimals can be default or 0.
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Working With Variables in SPSS 12
Variable view screen
Remember when I said “Names” cannot have spaces? “Labels” can have spaces! It can be long, too: It allows more characters, special symbols, and spaces than “Names”, so Labels can be a lot more descriptive (“Independent Variable One: Task”).
Names
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Working With Variables in SPSS 13
Variable view screen
Values are important. They let us assign numbers to values, which act as a guideline to help us run analyses. If we have a scale from 1 to 6 where 1 is “disagree” and 6 is “agree”, then we simply assign that value of 1 to “disagree” and 6 to “agree”
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Working With Variables in SPSS 14
Variable view screen
Our next columns involve Missing, Columns, Align, Measure, and Role. Generally, we will leave these alone and keep them on their default, but when we add variables, it helps to change the “measure” into the appropriate measurement scale (scale, ordinal, or nominal)
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Working With Variables in SPSS 15
Variable view screen
The last thing I want to point out it that Name, Label, and Values are for the benefit of human users (like you!). SPSS does not care what you call these, as it only looks at numbers. So when adding names, do so for YOUR own benefit and make them something that helps you with your future interpretations
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Working With Variables in SPSS 16
Variable view screen
Before talking more about your specific study, let’s get to know a little more about SPSS using a different set of materials. Let’s say we want to input a few different variables from a study that looks at height and weight.
First, let’s enter some important variables:
1. Subject Number
2. Height
3. Weight
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Working With Variables in SPSS 17
Variable view screen
Stay in the variable view screen and create three variables: Subject number, height, and weight
1. Subject number is just our participant number, and this goes in row 1, column 1. Since we cannot have “Subject number” as a Name (remember, names cannot have any spaces), we will simply use the Name “Subject”.
We will keep the “Type” as numeric, keep width and decimals at their default 8 and 2, and we can type in “Subject number” as our label. We don’t assign values for this variable. In variable view, it looks like this …
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Working With Variables in SPSS 18
Variable view screen
Stay in the variable view screen and create three variables: Subject number, height, and weight
1. Subject number is just our participant number, and this goes in row 1, column 1. Since we cannot have “Subject number” as a Name (remember, names cannot have any spaces), we will simply use the Name “Subject”.
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Working With Variables in SPSS 19
Variable view screen
Stay in the variable view screen and create three variables: Subject number, height, and weight
2. Height will be our second variable, so we will add this in row two (named “Height” in column 1). We keep everything else at default (ignore “values” for this variable)
3. Weight is our third variable, which goes in the third row, and we will keep all defaults and ignore values
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Working With Variables in SPSS 20
Variable view screen
Stay in the variable view screen and create three variables: Subject number, height, and weight
You can see, though, that I added the labels “Participant Height” and “Participant Weight” here. Again, with Labels you can add a space between Participant and Height, making the label longer (and more informative) than Name
When we switch back to “data view”, it looks like this …
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Working With Variables in SPSS 21
Data view screen
You now see your new variables created!
Subject
Height
Weight
Now we fill in our data grid, starting with the Subject # …
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Working With Variables in SPSS 22
Data view screen
You now see your new variables created!
Subject
Height
Weight
Now we fill in our data grid, starting with the Subject # …
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Working With Variables in SPSS 23
Data view screen
I know you don’t know the subject numbers yet. Well, these are easy! Just assign a different number to each participant until you reach the last participant …
The first person to complete the survey is Subject 1
The second person to complete the survey is Subject 2
The third person to complete the survey is Subject 3, etc.
Next, we enter the height and weight for subject 1, and then repeat this procedure for subject 2, and then for subject 3, and for all subsequent participants …
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Working With Variables in SPSS 24
Data view screen
I put in 7 subjects here
Subject 1 has a height of 67 (inches) and a weight of 176 (pounds)
Subject 2 has a height of 65 (inches) and a weight of 180 (pounds)
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Working With Variables in SPSS 25
Variable view screen
Let’s say that we have another variable of interest: Gender
Going back into our variable view screen, we can enter Gender as the name of the variable, keep it numeric, keep our width and decimal places the same, and have a label of “Gender” or even “Gender of participant” if we want.
Here, though, it might be helpful to add “Values” to our label
After creating Gender in variable view, click on “Values” and the little blue box. Then enter “1” for male and “2” for female (note that this is arbitrary – We could easily have “1” for females and “2” for males. Either way is fine).
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Working With Variables in SPSS 26
Variable view screen
If you click anywhere in the box in the values column, you will see a small blue box on the right side appear. Clicking on that blue box will open the following screen …
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Working With Variables in SPSS 27
Variable view screen
We are going to assign values to some of our variables. Type in a “Value” (like 1) and a “Label” (like “Male).
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Working With Variables in SPSS 28
Variable view screen
We are going to assign values to some of our variables. Type in a “Value” (like 1) and a “Label” (like “Male). Now click “Add”
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Working With Variables in SPSS 29
Variable view screen
I can continue with this variable by inputting the value “2” and the label “Female” and then clicking “Add”. Then click “Ok” to return to the variable view page. However, go to data view
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Working With Variables in SPSS 30
Variable view screen
Before leaving “Variable View”, click on the “Measure” column and select “Nominal” for gender. This makes it much easier in the later analyses to see that gender is nominal (based on the symbol ).
Scale is represented by the symbol
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Working With Variables in SPSS 31
Data view screen
When we go back into data view, gender will now be in our grid, but we still need to enter values for this new variable.
Since we have gender as a “numeric” value, we cannot type in “male” and “female”. Instead, we assign them values. If our subject is a male, we type in the value “1”. If female, we will type in the value “2”
Note that we could type in words if we selected “string” instead of “numerical”, but you cannot do statistics on words, so let’s stick with the numerical “Type” instead!
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Working With Variables in SPSS 32
Data view screen
Once again, type in gender values for the subjects. It may look like this, with three males (value 1) and four females (2)
If you forget which number refers to which gender, just hit the button, and it will show you your value labels. For example …
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Working With Variables in SPSS 33
Data view screen
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Test Your Understanding 1
Which SPSS screen should you be on when you want to ENTER data into SPSS from participants?
A. The Variable View screen
B. The Data View screen
C. The Output screen
D. The Transform screen
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Test Your Understanding 2
Which SPSS screen should you be on when you want to ENTER data into SPSS from participants?
A. The Variable View screen
B. The Data View screen
C. The Output screen
D. The Transform screen
The Data View screen allows you to enter participant data. If you want to set up the variables in your SPSS file, make sure to go into the Variable View screen
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Part Four
Working With YOUR Variables in SPSS
Make sure to have your three completed Loafing Surveys!
Working With YOUR Variables in SPSS 1
Assignment #3 deals with collecting and entering data into SPSS
Before getting to this lecture, I have a quick note …
I wrote these slides based on SPSS Version 26, so the look of the pictures in these slides might differ if you have a prior (or future) Version of SPSS
The set-up and analyses are the same for all SPSS versions. You can work with any version of SPSS (from Version 20 on up) and still use this presentation. So, let’s get to it …
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Working With YOUR Variables in SPSS 2
Assignment #3 deals with collecting and entering data into SPSS
Have your Individual, Group Total, and Group Average surveys with you for these next slides. We will refer to them a lot!
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Working With YOUR Variables in SPSS 3
Assignment #3 deals with collecting and entering data into SPSS
Have your Individual, Group Total, and Group Average surveys with you for these next slides. We will refer to them a lot!
Note, for those of you who didn’t collect in-person data yourself (due to Covid 19 concerns), you can download the surveys with “pre-filled answers” from Canvas. You are still required to enter data from these pre-filled surveys into SPSS, and you will turn in your SPSS file for the assignment for a grade (NOT the pre-filled surveys themselves). If you collected data yourself, great! Grab your three surveys and let’s get started …
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Working With YOUR Variables in SPSS 4
Assignment #3 deals with collecting and entering data into SPSS
Have your Individual, Group Total, and Group Average surveys with you for these next slides. We will refer to them a lot!
Also note that for brevity, I might use the shorter IT, GT, and GA titles in some of the following slides.
IT is for Individual Total
GT is for Group Total
GA is for Group Average
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Working With YOUR Variables in SPSS 5
Assignment #3 deals with collecting and entering data into SPSS
1. Open a new SPSS document and set up your variables in variable view. You should have one independent variable and several dependent variables
A. First, set up a “Subjects” variable in variable view. You can leave the rest of the columns in their default form
Remember, at the bottom of your screen you will see these two options: Choose variable view
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Working With YOUR Variables in SPSS 6
Assignment #3 deals with collecting and entering data into SPSS
1. Open a new SPSS document and set up your variables in variable view. You should have one independent variable and several dependent variables
A. First, set up a “Subjects” variable in variable view. You can leave the rest of the columns in their default form
B. Second, type in your independent variable. I suggest a name like “IVCondition” – that way you will know that this variable is your “IV” and involves the “Condition”. We’ll use “IVCondition” later to set up all three of our IV values (where 1 = Individual Total, 2 = Group Total, 3 = Group Average)
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Working With YOUR Variables in SPSS 7
Assignment #3 deals with collecting and entering data into SPSS
1. Open a new SPSS document and set up your variables in variable view. You should have one independent variable and several dependent variables
B. These are your first two variables (Subject / IVCondition)
Note that IVCondition is all one word (SPSS won’t allow a variable name with spaces in it!). Width is defaulted at a value of 8. Decimals are defaulted at 2, but I prefer 0
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Working With YOUR Variables in SPSS 8
Assignment #3 deals with collecting and entering data into SPSS
1. Open a new SPSS document and set up your variables in variable view. You should have one independent variable and several dependent variables
B. These are your first two variables (Subject / IVCondition)
Note that IVCondition is all one word (SPSS won’t allow a variable name with spaces in it!). Width is defaulted at a value of 8. Decimals are defaulted at 2, but I prefer 0
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Working With YOUR Variables in SPSS 9
Assignment #3 deals with collecting and entering data into SPSS
1. Open a new SPSS document and set up your variables in variable view. You should have one independent variable and several dependent variables
B. These are your first two variables (Subject / IVCondition)
“Name” in SPSS cannot include spaces or any special characters, but the “Label” can be longer. Thus, I have “Condition (1 = Individual, 2 = Group …)” under “Label”.
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Working With YOUR Variables in SPSS 10
Assignment #3 deals with collecting and entering data into SPSS
1. Open a new SPSS document and set up your variables in variable view. You should have one independent variable and several dependent variables
C. Now set up your dependent variables (those in Part Two)
Start with the Part Two variable. For now, we are simply setting up SPSS, so all we need are variable names
I like a specific name in my SPSS files for a quick reference, so I named #1 Part2TotalMathScore (all one word) for the questionnaire dependent variable “Total math problems solved” in Part Two
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Working With YOUR Variables in SPSS 11
Assignment #3 deals with collecting and entering data into SPSS
1. Open a new SPSS document and set up your variables in variable view. You should have one independent variable and several dependent variables
C. Now set up your dependent variables (those in Part Two)
Start with the Part Two variable. For now, we are simply setting up SPSS, so all we need are variable names
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Working With YOUR Variables in SPSS 12
Assignment #3 deals with collecting and entering data into SPSS
1. Open a new SPSS document and set up your variables in variable view. You should have one independent variable and several dependent variables
C. Now set up your dependent variables (Parts Two /Three)
Here are my first five variables in my SPSS file (including “Subject”, “IVCondition”, and Part One / Three DVs):
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Working With YOUR Variables in SPSS 13
Assignment #3 deals with collecting and entering data into SPSS
1. Open a new SPSS document and set up your variables in variable view. You should have one independent variable and several dependent variables
C. Now set up your dependent variables (Part Three)
Here are my other Part Three DVs
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Working With YOUR Variables in SPSS 15
Assignment #3 deals with collecting and entering data into SPSS
This is what my first 8 variables look like in variable view. The Names can be the same as the Labels (e.g. Subject), or labels can expand on the Names (and include spaces / symbols)
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Test Your Understanding 3
Under “ Variable View”, which of the following cannot be set up using spaces, punctuation, or special characters?
A. Name
B. Label
C. Value
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Test Your Understanding 4
Under “ Variable View”, which of the following cannot be set up using spaces, punctuation, or special characters?
A. Name
B. Label
C. Value
While you can type in any label name or value you want (with numbers, letters, spaces, and special characters included), the Name category cannot include spaces. That is, the name needs to be OneContinousWord!
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Working With YOUR Variables in SPSS 16
Assignment #3 deals with collecting and entering data into SPSS
2. Values: In your SPSS document, you can set up your values in variable view. That is, you specify values for each category
Values assign a number to the IV. For my IV, I just clicked the blue box and entered values for each IV level. The IT level of my IV is “1”, GT is “2”, and GA is “3”
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Working With YOUR Variables in SPSS 17
Assignment #3 deals with collecting and entering data into SPSS
2. Values: In your SPSS document, you can set up your values in variable view. That is, you specify values for each category
Of course, this numbering is arbitrary. I could designate 1 = GA, 2 = IT, and 3 = GT. The number differentiates categories, but 1, 2, and 3 have no real numerical value
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Working With YOUR Variables in SPSS 18
Assignment #3 deals with collecting and entering data into SPSS
2. Values: In your SPSS document, you can set up your values in variable view. That is, you specify values for each category
For me, I like to add a little “clue” to my Label to remind myself what values I assigned to the IV levels
1 = Individual, 2 = Group Total, and 3 = Group Average
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Working With YOUR Variables in SPSS 19
Assignment #3 deals with collecting and entering data into SPSS
2. Values: In your SPSS document, you can set up your values in variable view. That is, you specify values for each category
Now, assign numbers (or values) to the levels of your other dependent variables
For scales, we are using 1 to 7, so your labels can highlight the “disagree” versus “agree” language
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Working With YOUR Variables in SPSS 20
Assignment #3 deals with collecting and entering data into SPSS
2. Values: In your SPSS document, you can set up your values in variable view. That is, you specify values for each category
Here are the values for the “Part3Q1MoreThanAverage” variable
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Working With YOUR Variables in SPSS 21
Assignment #3 deals with collecting and entering data into SPSS
2. Values: In your SPSS document, you can set up your values in variable view. That is, you specify values for each category
Here are the values for the “Part3Q5Enjoyable” variable
Yeah, same scale! I reused it
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Working With YOUR Variables in SPSS 22
Assignment #3 deals with collecting and entering data into SPSS
2. Values: In your SPSS document, you can set up your values in variable view. That is, you specify values for each category
Here are the values for the “Part3Q5Enjoyable” variable
So what about values 2 through 6? Well …
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Working With YOUR Variables in SPSS 23
Assignment #3 deals with collecting and entering data into SPSS
2. Values: In your SPSS document, you can set up your values in variable view. That is, you specify values for each category
I didn’t list value labels for 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 for my Part 3 dependent variables. Why not?
To be honest, SPSS doesn’t care about the names we give to values. SPSS only cares about numbers (labels are only useful to humans).
For example, we COULD create the following labels:
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Working With YOUR Variables in SPSS 24
Assignment #3 deals with collecting and entering data into SPSS
2. Values: In your SPSS document, you can set up your values in variable view. That is, you specify values for each category
I didn’t list value labels for 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 for my Part 3 dependent variables. Why not?
But this is doesn’t reflect the scale in the survey (which has “Strongly Disagree” to “Strongly Agree”) as the only listed labels. So why make up new labels for values 2, 3, 4, etc.?
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Working With YOUR Variables in SPSS 25
Assignment #3 deals with collecting and entering data into SPSS
2. Values: In your SPSS document, you can set up your values in variable view. That is, you specify values for each category
I didn’t list value labels for 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 for my Part 3 dependent variables. Why not?
So just stick with the labels in the actual survey (for answer options 1 and 7) and leave the rest blank.
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Working With YOUR Variables in SPSS 26
Assignment #3 deals with collecting and entering data into SPSS
2. Values: In your SPSS document, you can set up your values in variable view. That is, you specify values for each category
This is the values I have for Part 2 Total Math Score
I went with 0 and 42 only, but I could do 1, 2, 3, 4, etc. It isn’t really necessary, though, as SPSS focuses on the value only and ignores the label, so why label them all!
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Working With YOUR Variables in SPSS 27
Assignment #3 deals with collecting and entering data into SPSS
This is what my first 9 variables look like in variable view.
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Working With YOUR Variables in SPSS 28
Assignment #3 deals with collecting and entering data into SPSS
Here are my demographics variables (variable view)
So you might notice a weird “Type” for Part4Q3bRaceOther and Part4Q4bOtherEnglish, with the “Type” listed as “String”
String
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Working With YOUR Variables in SPSS 29
Assignment #3 deals with collecting and entering data into SPSS
Here are my demographics variables (variable view)
A “String” variable lets us type in letters rather than numbers. Participants can write in their “Race”, which we type into SPSS
String
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Working With YOUR Variables in SPSS 30
Assignment #3 deals with collecting and entering data into SPSS
Here are my demographics variables (variable view)
I also have two different dependent variables for English (Part4Q4aEnglish and Part4Q4bOtherEnglish)
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Working With YOUR Variables in SPSS 31
Assignment #3 deals with collecting and entering data into SPSS
Here are my demographics variables (variable view)
Second, make sure to add appropriate values for your Gender (male / female) and Race (White, Latino/a, Indigenous, Black, Asian, MENA, Other) variables …
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Working With YOUR Variables in SPSS 32
Assignment #3 deals with collecting and entering data into SPSS
In variable view, make sure to put labels for your variables
Here are the value label tables for Race/Ethnicity & Gender
This is for “Race”
This is for “Gender”
Note: MENA = Middle East and Northern Africa
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Working With YOUR Variables in SPSS 33
Assignment #3 deals with collecting and entering data into SPSS
In variable view, make sure to put labels for your variables
Here are the tables for Race (Ethnicity) and Gender
But again, the numbering is arbitrary. Males could be 2 and females 1, or males could be 3000 and females 7
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Working With YOUR Variables in SPSS 34
Assignment #3 deals with collecting and entering data into SPSS
In variable view, make sure to put labels for your variables
Here are the tables for Race (Ethnicity) and Gender
Here, having a different number just designates them into different categories (a nominal variable)
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Test Your Understanding 5
Imagine you set up your value labels for “Race” but only include the number 1 for “Caucasian” and the number 7 for “Other”. Does that mean you cannot enter the numbers 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 as you enter data (Latino/a, Indigenous, Black, Asian, and MENA)?
A. You cannot enter 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6
B. You can enter 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6
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Test Your Understanding 6
Imagine you set up your value labels for “Race” but only include the number 1 for “Caucasian” and the number 7 for “Other”. Does that mean you cannot enter the numbers 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 as you enter data (Latino/a, Indigenous, Black, Asian, and MENA)?
A. You cannot enter 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6
B. You can enter 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6
SPSS doesn’t care about “labels”. It only cares about numbers. If a participant is Latino/a, put down a 2 in Data View (as this 2 represents the Latino/a group) even if there is no “label for” 2. SPSS will still read it as a 2 regardless of the value label
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Working With YOUR Variables in SPSS 35
Assignment #3 deals with collecting and entering data into SPSS
In variable view, make sure to put labels for your variables
My final variable is Part 4 Question 7 (Participants recalled “Highest individual score”, Highest total group score”, or “Highest average group score”).
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Working With YOUR Variables in SPSS 36
Assignment #3 deals with collecting and entering data into SPSS
Finally, make sure to change the “Measure” to the appropriate scale (scale, ordinal, or nominal)
Remember, nominal scales are categories, ordinal scales are ranked high to low, and scale is ranked + equal distances. You need to select the proper scale here (the IV is Nominal, with 3 categories: IT, GT, GA, but most of your DVs use Scale 1 to 7)
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Working With YOUR Variables in SPSS 37
Assignment #3 deals with collecting and entering data into SPSS
This is my final SPSS variable view screen …
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Assignment #3 deals with collecting and entering data into SPSS
3. Now, return to the data view screen and then make sure all of your new variables are present along the top row
It should look something like this (but with 18 columns)
Now I enter data for MY participants 1, 2, and 3
Working With YOUR Variables in SPSS 39
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Working With YOUR Variables in SPSS 40
Assignment #3 deals with collecting and entering data into SPSS
3. Now, return to the data view screen and then make sure all of your new variables are present along the top row
For Subject 1, I put a 1 for IVCondition (This participant is in the Individual Total condition), 23 for Part2TotalMathScore (the participant completed a total of 23 math problems), 3 for Part3CouldCompleteMore, etc.
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Working With YOUR Variables in SPSS 41
Assignment #3 deals with collecting and entering data into SPSS
3. Now, return to the data view screen and then make sure all of your new variables are present along the top row
For Subject 1, I put a 1 for IVCondition (This participant is in the Individual Total condition), 23 for Part2TotalMathScore (the participant completed a total of 23 math problems), 3 for Part3CouldCompleteMore, etc.
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Working With YOUR Variables in SPSS 42
Assignment #3 deals with collecting and entering data into SPSS
3. Now, return to the data view screen and then make sure all of your new variables are present along the top row
For Subject 2, I put a 2 for IVCondition (This participant is in the Group Total condition), 13 for Part2TotalMathScore (the participant rated completed 23 math problems), 2 for Part3CouldCompleteMore, etc.
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Working With YOUR Variables in SPSS 43
Assignment #3 deals with collecting and entering data into SPSS
3. Now, return to the data view screen and then make sure all of your new variables are present along the top row
Completely enter all data for your three participants. These should fill in rows 1, 2, and 3. Just three more things …
First, subject #1 put nothing for “Part3Q1MoreThanA”? If you have missing data, leave the cell blank. Do NOT put a zero (a “zero” has value – here we want no value at all)
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Working With YOUR Variables in SPSS 43a
Assignment #3 deals with collecting and entering data into SPSS
3. Now, return to the data view screen and then make sure all of your new variables are present along the top row
Completely enter all data for your three participants. These should fill in rows 1, 2, and 3. Just three more things …
Second, remember that we did not include a label for 2 through 7 for our scaled DVs. SPSS does not care about label descriptions. It only cares about numbers. SPSS still reads numbers 2 through 7 even if you do not have labels for them. If a subject puts a 4 on a survey, you put down a 4.
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Working With YOUR Variables in SPSS 44
Assignment #3 deals with collecting and entering data into SPSS
3. Now, return to the data view screen and then make sure all of your new variables are present along the top row
Third, clicking on this button will let you see the value labels (if any) that you added earlier.
IV conditions are now spelled out, as are “Strongly Agree” (which was originally a 7) and “Strongly Disagree” (originally a 1)
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Working With YOUR Variables in SPSS 45
Assignment #3 deals with collecting and entering data into SPSS
3. Now, return to the data view screen and then make sure all of your new variables are present along the top row
Third, clicking on this button will let you see the value labels (if any) that you added earlier. Back again!
Here, “Strongly Agree” returns to 1, while 3 and 2 remain 3 and 2
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Working With YOUR Variables in SPSS 46
Assignment #3 deals with collecting and entering data into SPSS
3. Now, return to the data view screen and then make sure all of your new variables are present along the top row
Finally, for the demographics, notice the PartIVEnglishOther variable. Here, I can type in the actual word “Spanish” since I chose “string” as my type under variable view
The symbol indicates a “string” variable (text-based)
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Test Your Understanding 7
What should you do if a participant failed to write down an answer or if it appears that they refused to answer a question?
A. Throw out the participant. We only use completed surveys
B. Put down a zero in SPSS to replace that missing data
C. Leave the SPSS cell blank for that participant
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Test Your Understanding 8
What should you do if a participant failed to write down an answer or if it appears that they refused to answer a question?
A. Throw out the participant. We only use completed surveys
B. Put down a zero in SPSS to replace that missing data
C. Leave the SPSS cell blank for that participant
Although throwing out the data might be warranted sometimes, it is better to simply leave the data blank. Do NOT use a zero. A zero has actual value (it might drag down the mean / average score if included – it won’t impact the mean if it is “missing”).
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Working With YOUR Variables in SPSS 47
Assignment #3 deals with collecting and entering data into SPSS
3. Now, return to the data view screen and then make sure all of your new variables are present along the top row
Once you finish entering data, make sure to save it to your own computer or flash drive. I had some problems saving it to my computer, but the flash drive-save worked for me. If you worked on E-labs, you might have trouble saving!
For your Assignment #3 points (up to 5 points), upload your SPSS file (with the .sav extension) to Canvas. Only these .sav files will be graded with your three participants.
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Working With YOUR Variables in SPSS 48
Assignment #3 deals with collecting and entering data into SPSS
Let me repeat that last part for clarity:
I need you to upload your SPSS file if you want credit for Assignment #3. It should have three participants (one for each condition). You’ll need to attach the SPSS file when you upload it through Canvas.
Once I get everyone’s file (again, with three participants per person), I will merge all files into one much bigger SPSS file and then post it on Canvas. I expect to have a large sample (over 140 participants). When you analyze data for Paper II, you will use this 140 person file (not your own 3 person file)
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Part Five
An Eye to the Future
An Eye to the Future 1
Look over your data on your own, and see if any patterns emerge based ONLY on the three individuals you collected yourself (and please collect this data from OTHER people, don’t do it yourself)
Eyeballing it, do you see any differences between your three conditions (Individual Total, Group Total, and Group Average)? Does your data seem to support your hypotheses?
Note (again!): You will NOT report about three participants in your papers. The file will contain AT LEAST 140 participants, if not more. We will combine your SPSS data with the SPSS data from other students. Do NOT mention collecting 3 participants
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An Eye to the Future 2
Look over your data on your own, and see if any patterns emerge based ONLY on the three individuals you collected yourself (and please collect this data from OTHER people, don’t do it yourself)
Let me repeat that, as it is important:
Next week in the lab, we will analyze the data collected by ALL class members (combining your three surveys with the surveys collected by ALL other methods students).
Do you think the data will look the same when we have 48 people in the IT condition, 48 people in the GT condition, and 48 people in the GA condition (rather than just the 1 person you currently have in each condition)?
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An Eye to the Future 3
In addition …,
Also, make sure you are working on Paper I Literature Review (due very soon!) as well as your (Assignment #4) Describing Data Assignment
Remember that your t-Test Crash Course Quiz is coming due soon as well. If you haven’t done it yet … do it!
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Test Your Understanding 9
What is due with regard to Assignment #3 (SPSS Data)
A. Photocopies / pictures of the three surveys (completed) that you handed out to participants
B. The Assignment #3 instructions
C. Your SPSS file with your three completed participants (saved with the SPSS extension .sav).
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Test Your Understanding 10
What is due with regard to Assignment #3 (SPSS Data)
A. Photocopies / pictures of the three surveys (completed) that you handed out to participants
B. The Assignment #3 instructions
C. Your SPSS file with your three completed participants (saved with the SPSS extension .sav).
You need to upload your SPSS file with your three participants. It should be saved with the file extension .sav. Make sure to attach it in the assignment box in Canvas
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