Daisy Arabella only

VISUAL INTERPRETATION 1

VISUAL INTERPRETATION

EDU 694 Capstone 1: Educational Research

Instructor: Newton Miller

Qualitative Data

Is when descriptive statements can be made about a subject based on observations, interviews or evaluations? It is a development of concepts which help us understand social phenomena in natural settings, with emphasis to the meanings, experiences and views of the participants. Basically information about qualities of something that cannot be measured. Peoples lived experiences and situations, are meaningful ways to collect qualitative data. The goal of qualitative data analysis is to uncover emerging themes, patterns, concepts, insight, and understandings (Patton, 2002). The purpose is to produce a model which allows for understanding the social process of interest. Some methods include observations, interview, and focus group discussions. Qualitative research comes from the participants. The concepts, data collection tools, and data collection methods can be adjusted as the research progresses. Qualitative research is sometimes critsiized for lacking what some people would consider scientific proof and believing that the data collection could be the researchers biased opinion. Unlike quantative researchers who apply statistical methods for establishing validity and reliability of research findings. Legitimation refers to trustworthiness, credibility, dependability, confirmability, and /or transferability of the inferences made (Guba, 1981; Onwuegbuzie & Leech, 2007b).

Quantitative Data

Quantitative study is concentrated on combining information across a group or multiple groups of people, and using this to draw out wider trends. High quality quantitative analysis can be generalized to tell you about more than the specific individuals you are collecting information on.

Quantitative data can also allow you to be more detailed with particular statements. As well as demonstrating whether student learning is different between groups or is changing over time (which qualitative analysis can also tell you), quantitative analysis can tell you by how much student learning differs and by how much it has changed.

Because quantitative analysis is driven on outlining the development and number of people, it is less effective at providing a lot of detail about an individual, or explaining why these trends have come about. Often, analysis using quantitative data answers broad questions, but may lead you to ask more specific questions. Whether using qualitative or quantitative approaches the hopes are to arrive at the same destiny in the end.

QUALITATIVE RESEARCH/ QUANTITATIVE RESEARCHR

Social

Social research tests hypotheses relating to group-related human interactions to determine if they are true

Analyze data relevant to a vast range of social activity and phenomena.

The object of social research is to create, disprove or validate theories through the classic scientific methods of prediction, observation, data collection and analysis.

Social research replaces the often costly and time-consuming approach to determining best-practice approaches through trial-and-error.

Reference:

https://www.reference.com/world-view/importance-social-research-f0ce2864ffa41af?aq=qualitative+social+research#

Inductive

To develop a framework for studying students’ experiences learning qualitative research

Inductive research begins with observation which leads to a larger universal hypothesis.

Inductive reasoning is common among the social sciences whereas deductive research is more common in the natural sciences.

Inductive research is a behavioral study during which sociologists collect information based on behavior and then study the data they collect to determine if there are any correlations that could indicate a pattern or support a universal theory.

Reference:

https://www.reference.com/world-view/inductive-research-approach-40f0a00593bb3880?aq=inductive+research&qo=cdpArticles#

Numeric

Is the gathering and analysis of measurable data to generate statistical models and numbers to explain the data.

In finance, quantitative research into stock markets is used to develop trading models and algorithms to maximize and exploit investment returns.

Reference:

https://www.reference.com/world-view/quantitative-research-bc9e8212fb16a6e0?aq=quantitative+research+questionnaire&qo=cdpArticles

Deductive

Examining the outcome of the test, and thus confirming or rejecting the theory. When analysing the outcome of tests, it is important to compare research findings with the literature review findings.

Formulating hypothesis in operational terms and proposing relationships between two specific variables

Deducing hypothesis from theory.

Modifying theory in instances when hypothesis is not confirmed.

Testing hypothesis with the application of relevant method(s). These are quantitative methods such as regression and correlation analysis, mean, mode and median and others.

Reference:

https://research-methodology.net/research-methodology/research-approach/deductive-approach-2/

Thinking of two research questions that are acceptable for both qualitative and quantitative Approaches, qualitative questions are more open-ended and holistic in nature than quantitative questions. When you are converting your topic into a research question it is important to keep in mind that qualitative questions are open-ended and quantitative are more focused. (Mertler, 2017).

Action research is a type of research in which educators, rather than academics, inquire to their teaching practices, examine the results of these inquires, and learn how to effect positive change in classroom environments. Educators can work alone or collaboratively, and can conduct their research at the classroom, school, and school district levels. The practice tends to rely most heavily on qualitative methods, although quantitative data collection and analysis methods can also be used. (Crothers, K 2013)

Inductive approach for analysis of qualitative evaluation data is described. The purposes for using an inductive approach are to (a) condense raw textual data into a brief, summary format; (b) establish clear links between the evaluation or research objectives and the summary findings derived from the raw data; and (c) develop a framework of the underlying structure of experiences or processes that are evident in the raw data. In general inductive approach provides an easily used and systematic set of procedures for analyzing qualitative data that can produce reliable and valid findings. Although the general inductive approach is not as strong as some other analytic strategies for theory or model development, it does provide a simple, straightforward approach for deriving findings in the context of focused evaluation questions. (David R. Thomas). Qualitative researchers analyze their data inductively. They do not set out to find data to prove or disprove hypotheses that they have prior to their study.

Qualitative research is an effort to understand situations in their uniqueness as part of a particular context and the interactions there (Patton, 1985). The characteristic of all forms of qualitative research is that the researcher is the primary instrument for data collection and analysis. And when it comes to the characteristic of qualitative research it usually involves fieldwork. Researcher they go to the people, when setting site, institution, in order to observe behavior in its natural setting. (Dr. Kielborn).

Qualitative research takes an inductive approach and its methods were developed in the social sciences to enable researchers to study social and cultural phenomena. There is no universally accepted definition of qualitative research, although it is accepted that data collected during qualitative research activities is usually not numerical. Qualitative approaches to research are based on a "world view" which is holistic and has the following beliefs:

Quantitative methods emphasize objective measurements and the statistical, mathematical, or numerical analysis of data collected through polls, questionnaires, and surveys, or by manipulating pre-existing statistical data using computational techniques. Quantitative research focuses on gathering numerical data and generalizing it across groups of people or to explain a particular phenomenon. (Babbie, Earl R).

References

California State University, Long Beach. (n.d.). Data collection strategies II: Qualitative research (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site... Retrieved from http://www.csulb.edu/~msaintg/ppa696/696quali.htm

Crothers, K. (2013). Action Research. Research Starters: Education (Online Edition),

Thomas, D, (2006). American Journal of Evaluation a General Inductive Approach for Analyzing Qualitative Evaluation Data. Retrieved from http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1098214005283748#articleCitationDownloadContainer

Mertler, C. A. (2017). Action research: Improving schools and empowering educators (5th Ed.) [Electronic version]. Retrieved from https://content.ashford.edu/