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Psychosocial Development Activities

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Psychosocial Development Activities

Psychosocial development is vital child’s understanding and expression of emotions positively. Emotional expression directly impacts how we interact with other people. Consequently, understanding child’s world views and teaching them new skills through progressive developmental stages help cultivate normal psychological behaviors. According to Erikson's theory, the first stage of psychosocial development begins at birth and continues through early childhood, adolescence, to adulthood. During this age, the child learns positive emotions (trust) or negative (mistrust) depending on the quality of primary caregivers. As they grow, they learn to develop a sense of control, asserts independence, and start interacting with others. This paper describes psychosocial activities that foster emotional and social development in infancy, early childhood, and adolescence.

Psychosocial Development Activity for Infant Room

One of the activities suggested for the infant room is Pat-a-Cake. This is a song where a child and caregiver claps their hands together and then uses one hand to clap partner alternate hand as they recite the song's first two lines. In the third line of the song, the players act as if each one is actively baking a cake. For the ‘roll it’ line, the caregiver and her child pretend to smash down a ball of cake mix by making a flat patting motion using flat hands. Based on Erikson's theory, the fundamental virtue in the trust and mistrust stage is hope (Orenstein & Lewis, 2020). During this stage (birth to 18 months), a child is highly dependent on primary caregivers for regular care because they are uncertain about the world they live in. Consequently, they will develop a sense of trust to carry to the subsequent relationships if he receives reliable, consistent, and predictable care (McLeod, 2018). Playing Pat a Cake with a child promotes engagement and deeper connection with the child. This experience of attachment leads to the development of trust and possibly hope. When an infant develops trust, she has hope that someone will come to their rescue if they get in trouble. Consequently, they will have confidence in their abilities to control events around them and face the real world. Playing Pat a Cake will secure trusting relationships between caregiver and child and others by creating and improving the social connection. Also, it will foster social learning by teaching children the structures, rules, and routines that facilitate social engagement with others.

Psychosocial Development Activity for Early Childhood Room

We will incorporate the old Simon says game into the early childhood room. This game involves designating one player as ‘Simon’ who then, stands in front of the group, and instructs other players on what to do. The players follow the instructions when they hear, “Simon says.” Essential virtues of early childhood are will and purpose. During the autonomy vs. shame stage, which starts from 18 months to 3 years, a child develops a sense of independence and personal control over physical skills (McLeod, 2018). They learn that they can control their actions and exploit their environment to get results. In the initiative vs. guilt stage, occurring between 3-6 years, children develop the ability to initiate activities and assert control over their world through play and interactions. According to Erickson, preschool children revolve around the task of initiative vs. guilt by planning and achieving goals while interacting with others (McLeod, 2018). Simon says improve child’s self-regulation, attention skills, and interaction skills.

Psychosocial Development Activity for Adolescent Room

The activity proposed for the adolescent room is Bonfire Night. A caregiver plans an event, invites their extended family, and gets to know each other better, reminiscing about the good old days. Another variation is throwing a unique birthday party during bonfire night as a backdrop for fun with friends. In adolescence (12-18), teens face identity vs. role confusion identity. Their main task is developing self by trying different selves to determine which one fits them. During this stage, caregivers should allow their children to explore personal beliefs, values, goals, and other possibilities to establish their own identity. Burnett & Blakemore (2009) suggest that adolescence experience brain changes such as neuroanatomical development, which influence their social cognition tasks. Fidelity is the crucial virtue developed from successful completion on this stage. Bonfire Nights will help teens explore their interests by sharing ideas and experiences, thus discovering their identity.

References

Burnett, S., & Blakemore, S. J. (2009). The development of adolescent social cognition. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1167(1), 51. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04509.x

McLeod, S. (2018). Erik Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development. Simply Psychology. https://www.simplypsychology.org/Erik-Erikson.html

Orenstein, G. A., & Lewis, L. (2020). Erikson's stages of psychosocial development. StatPearls [Internet]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556096/