Web Page Design- Content Analysis

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Week4-Lectureslides-20200617.zip

Chapter 04.pptx

WPDD202: Webpage Design & Development

Version 2 – 18th December 2015

Kent Institute Australia Pty. Ltd.

ABN 49 003 577 302 CRICOS Code: 00161E RTO Code: 90458 TEQSA Provider Number: PRV12051

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Resource Material

Web Design with HTML & CSS3: Comprehensive, 8th Edition

Jessica Minnick; Lisa Friedrichsen

ISBN-10: 1305578163 | ISBN-13: 9781305578166 © 2017

Cengage Learning Australia

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Chapter 4

Applying CSS Styles to Webpages

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Objectives

Explain the importance of separating design from content

Describe Cascading Style Sheets (CSS)

Define inline, embedded, and external styles and their order of precedence

Describe a CSS rule and its syntax

Explain the difference between a selector, property, and value

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Objectives (continued)

Create styles that use text and color properties

Explain the difference between inline and block content

Describe the CSS box model and how to apply margins, padding, and borders

Create an external style sheet and link it to an HTML page

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Objectives (continued 1)

Create styles that use padding, border, and margin properties

Float an image

Create styles that use list properties

Add comments to an external style sheet

Validate a CSS file

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Using Cascading Style Sheets

Style – It is a rule that defines the appearance of an element on a webpage

Style sheet – It is the set of CSS style rules

Style sheets provide a means to separate style from content because it gives the flexibility to redesign or rebrand a website

A single CSS style sheet file containing the defined styles can be attached to several webpages to apply the styles to all the attached pages

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Inline Styles

Inline style – It is used to add a style to the start tag for an element, such as a heading or paragraph, using the style attribute

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Embedded Style Sheets

An embedded style sheet, also called an internal style sheet, includes the style sheet within the opening <head> and closing </head> tags of the HTML document

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External Style Sheets

An external style sheet – It is a CSS file that contains all of the styles that can be applied to more than one page in a website

External style sheets are also called linked style sheets

An external style sheet is a text file with the .css extension

To apply an external style sheet, link it (or attach it) to a webpage using a link in the head section of the webpage

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External Style Sheets (continued)

External style sheet provides flexibility to quickly change webpage formats because the styles used in it are applied to every page linked to it

Changing the look of an entire website is sometimes called reskinning the website

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Style Sheet Precedence

Style sheets are said to “cascade” because each type of style has a specified level of precedence (or priority) in relationship to the others

CSS properties can be inherited from a parent element through a principle called inheritance

If a selector has more than one CSS rule, specificity determines which CSS rule to apply

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Style Sheet Precedence

A typical example of an inherited property is the color property. Given the style rules:

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Style Sheet Precedence

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CSS Basics

Each CSS rule consists of a selector and a declaration

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CSS Basics (continued)

Selector – It is the part of the statement that identifies what to style

Any HTML5 element such as body, header, nav, main, or footer may be a selector

A selector may also be the value of an id or class attribute

The declaration defines the exact formatting of the style

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CSS Basics (continued 1)

A declaration consists of a property and a value, separated by a colon and followed by a semicolon

The property identifies the style quality or characteristic to apply, such as

color (text color)

background-color

text-indent

border-width

font-style

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CSS Basics (continued 2)

For each property, the declaration includes a related value that identifies the particular property value to apply

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CSS Basics (continued 3)

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CSS Text Properties

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CSS Text Properties (continued)

Fallback values – They are the additional values provided for the font-family property in case the browser does not support the primary font

CSS measures font sizes using many measurement units, including pixels, points, and ems, and by keyword or percentage

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CSS Text Properties (continued 1)

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CSS Colors

HTML uses color names or codes to designate color values

Two types of color codes can be used with CSS:

Hexadecimal

RGB

Hexadecimal values consist of a six-digit number code that corresponds to RGB (Red, Green, Blue) color values

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CSS Colors (continued)

To use a color in a style rule declaration, use the color value as the property value

For example, to style a background color as gray use, background-color: #808080;

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Understanding Inline Elements and Block Elements

HTML elements are positioned on the webpage as a block or as inline content

A block element appears as a block because it starts and ends with a new line, such as the main element or a paragraph element

Inline elements are displayed without line breaks so they flow within the same line

Inline content always appears within block elements

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CSS Box Model

Each block element such as a header, nav, main, and footer element is displayed in a browser as a box with content

The CSS box model describes content boxes on a webpage

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CSS Box Model (continued)

Each content box can have margins, borders, and padding

The margin provides passive white space between block elements or between the top or bottom of a webpage

The border separates the padding and the margin of the block element

Padding is the passive white space between the content and the border of a block element

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CSS Box Model (continued 1)

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Selectors

A style rule begins with a selector, which specifies the element to style

A selector can be

an HTML element name

an id attribute value

a class attribute value

An id or a class selector is used to apply styles to p elements

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Selectors (continued)

An id selector uses the id attribute value of an HTML element to select a single element

For example, to style the div id="container" element, use #container as the selector

#container {

border: solid 2px;

}

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Selectors (continued 1)

A class selector is used to select elements that include a certain class attribute

For example, to style class="mobile", use .mobile as the selector

.mobile {

font-size: 10pt;

}

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Selectors (continued 2)

A descendant selector is used to create style that applies to an element contained within another element

For example, the following style rule sets the list-style property to none for list items in an unordered list included in the navigation area:

nav ul li {

list-style: none;

}

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To Create a CSS File and a Style Rule for the Body Element

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Linking an HTML Document to a CSS File

After creating a CSS file, link it to all the webpages that will use its styles

Insert a link element on the HTML page within the <head> and </head> tags

The link element uses two attributes:

rel

href

The rel attribute uses the stylesheet value to indicate that the document is linked to a style sheet

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Linking an HTML Document to a CSS File (continued)

The href attribute value specifies the file path or file name of the CSS file

Following is an example of a link to a style sheet named styles.css and stored in the css folder:

<link rel="stylesheet" href="css/styles.css">

The type="text/css" attribute and value is also commonly used within a link element to reference a CSS file

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Aligning Webpage Content

One way to align webpage content is to use the text-align property, which applies to block elements

The text-align property can use left (the default), center, right, or justify as its value

For example, the following rule centers an h1 element:

h1 {

text-align: center;

}

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To Center Content

To center all of the elements of a webpage using a single style rule, set the left and right margins to auto

In addition, set the width to 80% so that the elements do not span 100 percent of the browser window

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Creating Style Rules for Structural Elements

The header section appears at the top of a webpage and thus needs formatting that makes the header contents stand out and attract visitors to the page

The nav section should be formatted differently from the other structural elements as it should be prominent and easy to find on the webpage

The main section should be formatted using the display property

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Creating Style Rules for Structural Elements (continued)

To apply text and box model properties to the main section and have them appear as intended, the display property is used

Create a style rule that formats the footer section by defining the font size, text alignment, and top margin of the footer element

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To Create a Style Rule for the Header Element

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To Create a Style Rule for the Nav Element

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To Create a Style Rule for the Main Element

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To Create a Style Rule for the Footer Element

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Creating Style Rules for Classes

Consider the following example:

<img class="equip" src="images/equipment1.jpg" alt="Weight Equipment" height="195" width="260">

The img element displays the equipment1.jpg image

The first attribute and value, class="equip", assigns this element to the equip class

Including the class="equip" attribute and value in each img element helps format all the elements assigned to the equip class with a single style rule

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Creating Style Rules for Classes (continued)

For example, the following style rule adds 20 pixels of padding to the right side of elements in the equip class:

.equip {

padding-right: 20px;

}

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Creating Style Rules for Classes (continued 1)

To indicate a class name as a selector, include a period (.) before the class name

Float property – It positions an element to the right or left of other elements

Clear property – It removes the float effect from a webpage

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Using CSS List Properties

The CSS list-style properties are used to control the appearance of numbered and bulleted lists

Lists marked with the <ul> and </ul> tags display a solid bullet before each list item

Lists marked with the <ol> and </ol> tags display Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3, and so on) before the list items

For example,

ul {

list-style-type: square;

}

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Using CSS List Properties (continued)

The default value for the list-style-position property is outside, which displays the list item with a bullet or number outside of the list’s content block as in the following text:

1. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet,

consectetur adipiscing elit.

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Using CSS List Properties (continued 2)

Using inside as the value displays the bullet or number inside the list’s content block, as in the following text:

Morbi odio nisl, facilisis non

egestas a, tristique vitae neque.

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet,

consectetur adipiscing elit.

ul.a {

list-style-position: outside;

}

ul.b {

list-style-position: inside;

}

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Adding Comments to CSS Files

Comments provide additional information about the area where the styles are applied or other helpful explanations, such as what the styles do

The syntax for a comment is as follows:

/* Place your comment here */

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To Validate the CSS File

The following steps validate a CSS file

Open the browser and type http://jigsaw.w3.org/css-validator/ in the address bar to display the W3C CSS Validation Service page

Tap or click the By file upload tab to display the Validate by file upload information

Tap or click the Browse button to display the Choose File to Upload dialog box

Navigate to your css folder to find the styles.css file (Figure 4–41)

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To Validate the CSS File (continued)

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To Validate the CSS File (continued 1)

Tap or click the styles.css document to select it

Tap or click the Open button to upload the selected file to the W3C CSS validator

Tap or click the Check button to send the document through the validator and display the validation results page (Figure 4–42)

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To Validate the CSS File (continued 2)

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Chapter E4 Week 4.pptx

WPDD202: Webpage Design & Development

Version 2 – 18th December 2015

Kent Institute Australia Pty. Ltd.

ABN 49 003 577 302 CRICOS Code: 00161E RTO Code: 90458 TEQSA Provider Number: PRV12051

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Client server internet models and applications

Chapter E4

Network Overview

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Network

two or more computers connected together for the

purpose of communicating and sharing resources

The Client/Server Model

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Client/Server can describe a relationship between two computer programs – the "client" and the "server".

Client

requests some type of service (such as a file or

database access) from the server.

Server

fulfills the request and transmits the results to the client

over a network

The Client/Server Model

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The Internet Client/Server Model

Client: Web Browser

Server: Web Server

Internet Protocols

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Protocols

› Rules that describe the methods used for clients and servers to communicate with each other over a network.

There is no single protocol that makes the

Internet and Web work.

A number of protocols with specific

functions are needed.

Common Internet Protocols

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Official Communication Protocol: TCP/IP

Specialized Protocols:

File Transfer: FTP

E-mail: SMTP, POP3, IMAP

Websites: HTTP

HTTP Hypertext Transfer Protocol

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A set of rules for exchanging files such as text, graphic images, sound, video, and other multimedia files on the Web.

Web browsers send HTTP requests for web pages and their associated files.

Web servers send HTTP responses back to the web browsers.

HTTP Request

HTTP Response

IP Address

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Each device connected to the Internet has a

unique numeric IP address.

These addresses consist of a set of four groups of numbers, called octets.

74.125.73.106 will get you Google!

An IP address may correspond to a domain name.

Domain Name

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Locates an organization or other entity on the Internet

Domain Name System

Divides the Internet into logical groups and

understandable names

Associates unique computer IP Addresses with the text-based domain names you type into a web browser

Browser: http://google.com

IP Address: 74.125.73.106

Uniform Resource Indicator

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URL

Uniform Resource Locator

Represents the address of a resource

on the Internet.

Top-Level Domain Name

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A top-level domain (TLD) identifies the right- most part of the domain name.

Some generic TLDs:

.com, .org, .net, .mil, .gov, .edu, .int, .aero,

.asia, .cat, .jobs, .name, .biz, .museum, .info,

.coop, .pro, .travel

County Code TLDs

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Two character codes originally intended to indicate the geographical location (country) of the web site.

In practice, it is fairly easy to obtain a domain name with a country code TLD that is not local to the registrant.

Examples:

.tv, .ws, .au, .jp, .uk

See http://www.iana.org/cctld/cctld-whois.htm

Domain Name System

The Domain Name System (DNS) associates

Domain Names with IP addresses.

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Domain Name

IP Address

Use TPC/IP

send HTTP Request

Web

Server

Web Browser

requests web page

Use TCP/IP

to send HTTP Responses

with web page files & images

Web Browser

displays web page

DNS

Markup Languages

SGML – Standard Generalized Markup

Language

› A standard for specifying a markup language or

tag set

HTML – Hypertext Markup Language

› The set of markup symbols or codes placed in a file intended for display on a web browser.

Element or tag – individual markup code

Attribute – modifies the purpose of a tag

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Markup Languages (2)

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XML – eXtensible Markup Language

A text-based language designed to describe, deliver,

and exchange structured information.

It is not intended to replace HTML –

it is intended to extend the power of HTML by

separating data from presentation.

Markup Languages (3)

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XHTML – eXtensible Hypertext Markup Language

Developed by the W3C as the reformulation of HTML 4.0

as an application of XML.

It combines the formatting strengths of HTML 4.0 and the data structure and extensibility strengths of XML.

Markup Languages (4)

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HTML 5

› The next version of HTML 4 and XHTML 1

Currently in draft status

Incorporates features of both HTML and XHTML

Adds new elements

Eliminates some elements

Intended to be backward compatible

http://www.w3.org/html/

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CSS Advanced Concepts.pptx

Cascading Style Sheets

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C S S

What is CSS?

A simple mechanism for controlling the style of a Web document without compromising its structure.

It allows you to separate visual design elements (layout, fonts, colors, margins, and so on) from the contents of a Web page.

Allows for faster downloads, streamlined site maintenance, and global control of design attributes across multiple pages.

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CSS vs. just HTML

What can we do with CSS that we can’t do with HTML?

Control of backgrounds.

Set font size to the exact height you want.

Highlight words, entire paragraphs, headings or even individual letters with background colors.

Overlap words and make logo-type headers without making images.

Precise positioning.

Linked style sheets to control the look of a whole website from one single location.

And more.

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How to write CSS?

Selector

HTML element tags (examples: p, h2, body, img, table)

class and ID names

Property (examples: color, font-size)

Value (examples: red, 14pt)

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How to write CSS:

The basic syntax of a CSS rule:

selector {property 1: value 1; property 2: value 2}

Example:

p {font-size: 8pt; color: red}

Notice the { } around the rule and the : before each value!

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Three ways to include CSS:

Local (Inline)

Global (Embedded, or Internal)

Linked (External)

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1. Local

Inline style sheet.

Placed inside tags.

Specific to a single instance of an html tag on a page.

Must be used instead of <font> tags to specify font size, color, and typeface and to define margins, etc.

Use to override an external or embedded style specification.

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Local (inline)

Example

<p style="font-size: 10pt; color: red; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">

This is a local stylesheet declaration. </p>

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On the browser:

2. Global

Embedded or internal style sheet

Applicable to an entire document

Styles are defined within the <style> </style> tag, which is placed in the header of the html file (i.e., within <head> and </head>).

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Global (Internal)

Example:

<html> <head> <title>Title</title> <style type="text/css"> <!--[STYLE INFORMATION GOES HERE] --> </style> </head>

<body> [DOCUMENT BODY GOES HERE] </body>

</html>

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3. Linked

External style sheet

Styles are saved in a separate file, with the extension .css

This single stylesheet can be used to define the look of multiple pages.

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Linked (External)

Example

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p {font-family: verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: red}

h1 {font-family: serif; font-size: 14pt; color: green}

h2 {font-family: serif; font-size: 11pt; color: blue}

Save this text file as whatever.css

In TextPad,Notepad, etc.…

Linked (External)

Example (continued)

To apply the stylesheet “whatever.css“ to an HTML document, call it in from the header:

<head> <link rel="stylesheet" href=“whatever.css" type="text/css">

</head>

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Inheritance: which style prevails when several are present?

Inline (local) overrides internal (global)

Internal (global) overrides external (linked).

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Cascading

The way styles will be used when there is more than one style specified for an HTML element:

Browser default

External Style Sheet (Linked) (in an external .css file)

Internal Style Sheet (Global, or embedded) (inside the <head> tag)

Inline Style (Local) (inside HTML element)

An inline style (inside an HTML element) has the highest priority, which means that it will override every style declared inside the <head> tag, in an external style sheet, and in the browser (default value).

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Let’s try this now!

<h1 style=“text-align: center; font-weight:bold; color: blue”> Styling with CSS! </h1>

<p style="font-size: 10pt; color: red; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif“ >

Write whatever you want here </p>

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Grouping properties

Separate properties with a semi-colon

Example:

p {text-align:center;color:red; font- family:Arial; font-style:italic}

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Grouping selectors

Separate selectors with a comma

Example:

h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 { color: green }

(each header will be green)

Separate selectors with a space

Example:

p li { color: red }

(only items within a list and a paragraph tag will be red)

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The class Selector

With a class selector you can define different styles for the same type of HTML element

Examples:

First define the class:

p.right {text-align: right; color: red; font-style: italic}

p.blue {text-align: center; color:blue}

Then use the class in your HTML code :

<p class="right"> This paragraph will be right-aligned, italic, and red. </p>

<p class=“blue"> This paragraph will be center-aligned and blue. </p>

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The class Selector

You can also omit the tag name in the selector to define a style that will be used by all HTML elements that have this class.

Example:

.poem {text-align: center; font-style:italic}

Any HTML element with class=“poem" will be center-aligned and italic.

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The class Selector

Example (continued)

Both elements below will follow the rules in the ".poem“ class:  

<h1 class=“poem"> This heading will be center-aligned and italic </h1>

<p class=“poem"> This paragraph will also be center-aligned and italic. </p>

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Class Example

<style>

p {font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 10pt} h1 {font-family: serif; font-size: 30pt} h2 {font-family: serif; font-size: 24pt} .boldred {color: red; font-weight: bold} .green {color: green} .tinyblue {color: blue; font-size: 8pt}

</style>

The tags and classes can then be used in combination:

<h1 class=“boldred">This is rendered as 30-point red serif bold text.</h1>

<p class=“boldred">This is rendered as 10-point red sans-serif bold text.</p>

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Applying styles to portions of a document:

<div>

A division tag: to “package” a block of document into one unit. It defines a block element.

Causes a line break, like <br> and <p>.

<span>

“Wraps” a portion of text into a unit, but doesn't cause a line break. Allows styles to be applied to an 'elemental' region (such as a portion of a paragraph).

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Example

<p><span class="foo">This text is rendered as foo-style</span> and this is not. </p>

<div class="foo"> <p>The "foo" style will be applied to this text, and to <a href="page.html">this text</a> as well. </div>

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List of style Selectors and their Properties and Values:

From WDG:

http://www.htmlhelp.com/reference/css/properties.html

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Properties - Font

font-family

Name, or serif, sans-serif, cursive, monospace

font-style

normal, italic

font-weight

normal, bold, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900

font-size

absolute-size, relative-size, length, percentage

font-variant

small-caps

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Properties - Text

text-decoration

underline, line-through

text-transform

capitalize, uppercase, lowercase, none

text-align

left, right, center, justify

text-indent

<length>, <percentage>

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Properties - Position

position

absolute, relative

top

<length>, <percentage>, auto

left

<length>, <percentage>, auto

Z-index

<number>, auto

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A few more details about positioning

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Positioning

Upper left corner corresponds to (0,0)

The value of top, bottom, right, left can be expressed in:

Length (measured in px, em, etc…)

Percentage of the parent’s width

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(0,0)

Y

X

The z-index

stacking order is called the z-index.

If elements overlap each other, the one with the higher z-index appears on top.

Example:

.topElement {position: absolute; z-index=2; top:0px; left:0px; font-size:36pt; color:red}

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CSS Examples:

<h1 style="color: white; position: absolute; bottom: 50px; left: 50px; z-index: 2"> Text in front.</h1>

Positioning: Example

Stacking: Example

Shadowing: Example

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(0,0)

Y

X

Using Boxes and Positioning for layout

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In a box:

Margins are always transparent.

Borders come in various styles.

Background settings:

the area just inside the borders

includes both the padding and content areas.

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Examples

img { border-style: ridge;

border-width: 20px;

border-color:red green blue purple}

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h1 {background-color: #CC66FF;

width: 50%;

padding: 20px}

H1,50% ,purple background

Border values

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Backgrounds

background-color

Hex

background-image

URL(image.jpg)

background-repeat

No-repeat, repeat-x, repeat-y

background-attachment

Fixed, scroll

background-position

Top, left

p { background-position: 70px 10px; background-repeat: repeat-y; background-image: url(background.gif) }

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Example

Background repeat examples:

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Scroll Bar Color

Example:

<style>

body { color:black;

background-color:#a0a0a0;

scrollbar-face-color:#903030;

scrollbar-arrow-color:#FFFFFF;

scrollbar-track-color:#C0B0B0;

scrollbar-shadow-color:rgb(0,0,0)}

</style>

CSS generator for scrollbars: http://www.spectrum-research.com/V2/generators/scrollbar.asp

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Link Style

a:link {color: #FFFFFF; text-decoration: none}

a:visited {color: #808080; text-decoration: none}

a:hover {color: red; text-decoration: none}

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Cursor

The cursor property specifies the type of cursor to be displayed when pointing on an element.

Crosshair, hand, move, text, wait, etc.

Complete demo (cursor styles): http://www.w3schools.com/css/tryit.asp?filename=trycss_cursor

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