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Week3Quantitativereview.docx

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Running head: Quantitative Review

Quantitative Review 6

Good job in writing the Week 3 Quantitative Critique for your topic. You did provide two quantitative research studies for your critique. APA heading and Content was missing for Anticipated Outcomes not utilized for the required content and insufficient APA in-text citations provided.

A Quantitative Article Review of the Effects of Exercise on Cholesterol

Hallie Snowden

Grand Canyon University

Introduction to Nursing Research

Summer 2020

Title of Paper

Mising intro and thesis statement

PICOT Question: For adults with high cholesterol (P) does a daily 30-minute exercise regimen (I) reduce the levels of cholesterol (O) compared with no exercise regimen (C)?

Quantitative Studies

Huttunen, J. K., Länsimies, E., Voutilainen, E., Ehnholm, C., Hietanen, E., Penttilä, I., Siitonen, O., & Rauramaa, R. (1979). Effect of moderate physical exercise on serum lipoproteins. A controlled clinical trial with special reference to serum high-density lipoproteins. Circulation, 60(6), 1220–1229. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.60.6.1220

Kraus, W. E., Houmard, J. A., Duscha, B. D., Knetzger, K. J., Wharton, M. B., McCartney, J. S., Bales, C. W., Henes, S., Samsa, G. P., Otvos, J. D., Kulkarni, K. R., & Slentz, C. A. (2002). Effects of the amount and intensity of exercise on plasma lipoproteins. The New England Journal of Medicine, 347(19), 1483–1492. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa020194 Comment by ESC: Support of PICOT A clear discussion on how articles support the PICOT question is presented. The articles demonstrate strong support in answering the proposed PICOT question. The interventions and comparison groups in the articles strongly compare to those identified in the PICOT question.

Background of Study Comment by ESC: Background of Studies Background of study, including problem, significance to nursing, purpose, objective, and research questions, is thorough with substantial relevant details and extensive explanation

In Huttunen and associates' study (1979), the researchers set out to compare the cholesterol levels of those put into training for four months against a control group without training. This study is important to the nursing profession because so many of our patients suffer from high cholesterol levels and may be open to an approach that does not require just another pill. Helping lower cholesterol through exercise gives people more power in their health. This study looks to identify changes in cholesterol from exercise compared to those who did not exercise at all. Using exercise to lower cholesterol could be worth trying.

One hundred asymptomatic men were enrolled with informed consent. Using a quantitative study cholesterol levels of both the exercise group and non-exercise groups were checked before, during, and after the four-month exercise period. It was found that serum triglycerides decreased and high-density lipoprotein increased in the exercise group only. Triglycerides are the fats stored in our body that can increase the risk of heart attack and stroke. They become adipose tissue when we consume more than we need. High-density lipoprotein or HDL is a good type of cholesterol that helps transport bad cholesterol to the liver to be cleared by the body. Higher HDL is healthier. Comment by ESC: Methods and Resutts, not background Comment by ESC: Results

This study also found exercise to lower the total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein levels or LDL. LDL is the bad type of cholesterol that collects in the arteries and forms plaques. These plaques block or slow the flow of blood. Depending on where the plaques build up they can cause chest pain, stroke, or heart attack. This research demonstrates that exercise could decrease bad cholesterol and increase the good. This could prove to be a good adjunct to therapeutic measures in primary and maybe even secondary prevention of heart disease and atherosclerosis.

The second study I have chosen, published by the New England Journal of Medicine, investigated the relationship between exercise quantity ranging from none to endurance levels and observes the changes in cholesterol levels (Kraus, W.E., 2002). The purpose of this study was to determine the amount of exercise training required for optimal benefit.

Methods Comment by ESC: Incomplete Methods A thorough discussion on the method of study for each article is presented. The comparison of study methods is described in detail. A benefit and a limitation of each method are presented. The discussion demonstrates a solid understanding of research methods. Identify the type of quantitative design of each study: 1. Descriptive 2. Correlational 3. Causal-Comparative/Quasi-Experimental 4. Experimental Research

Using 159 consenting adults age 40 to 65 who were sedentary, overweight, or mildly obese, and had poor cholesterol levels participants were randomly assigned into three groups. One group was the control and the other two were light versus high-intensity exercise groups. Cholesterol levels were checked before, during, and after six months of exercise. The outliers who lost a significant amount of weight were taken out of the group. The cholesterol changes were then compared.

Results Comment by ESC: Reporting Quantitative Findings The final component of the results section is the analysis of the data. Use the gathered data to answer the research questions and address the study hypotheses. Interpret statistics for the reader identifying points of significance or insignificance. https://cirt.gcu.edu/blogs/researchtips/components_of_a_research_study_results

Consistent improvement was made clear in the cholesterol of both exercise groups versus the control group that was not exercising. The higher intensity exercise group also showed more substantial benefits than the lower level of exercise. This was an interesting finding and indicates that although any exercise improves cholesterol, higher intensities reap a greater benefit than lower intensity workouts. Any exercise was better than a sedentary lifestyle on cholesterol levels.

The methods used in both studies are similar in that they both look at the quantitative result of the cholesterol levels before and after exercise. They also both use a control group that does not exercise and represents a sedentary lifestyle. The difference between them lies in the quantity of exercise in participant groups. In the first study, the only exercise versus non-exercise is compared whereas the second study uses two different intensities of exercise to see if intensity makes a difference. The first study also only uses men whereas the second study looks at both genders but limits its sample to those who already suffer from being overweight or mildly obese, sedentary, and have poor cholesterol. Finding a group that already suffers from these comorbidities makes it hard to compare the data to a healthier population. The last factor I would like to bring up is the time frame. The first study looks at four months while the second one looks at six months. Although both time frames are similar the subtanibilty of I wonder if\ the benefits are a concernare lasting. If exercise is maintained throughout a lifetime or at least a long time does cholesterol continue to improve or stay in healthy ranges or does the body adapt to it becoming harder to maintain a decent level? A longer-term study may give a better picture of the lifetime effect of exercise on cholesterol.

Ethical Consderations

Some ethical considerations that need to be considered during the participation of these studies would include the need for dignity during research. Going from a sedentary lifestyle to exercising can be very difficult. If a participant feels diminished and unable to complete the required exercise they may feel like they are losing their dignity. Respecting the participants in every way possible is essential. It is also important, to be honest, and not misleading about what will take place during the study. Fully informed consent should give the participants details and show exactly what will take place and what will be expected.

Anticipated Outcomes – did not provide

Conclusion

Both studies provide good information for patients who suffer from high cholesterol even if they already walk or light exercise. Any exercise helps improve cholesterol levels. The second study especially gives hope to the population whos is not sedentary and encourages them to increase their exercise intensity to further reduce cholesterol. With increasing levels of activity, there are increasing benefits. Encouraging patients to exercise or to increase their level of activity may help lower their total cholesterol, LDL, and triglycerides while raising HDL levels. This in turn decreases the chance of stroke and heart attack by reducing plaque supporting a healthier life.

References