Research Design Proposal- 10 scholarly resources- Must be seven to ten double-spaced pages in length-vaccines

Vaccines: Literature Review

Christopher Malone

HIA 625

Dr. Gwen Morse

08/23/21

Introduction

The literature review section discusses a lot of concepts related to vaccines. The first step when using vaccines is to understand their different structures (Vetter et al., 2017). Vaccine use faces some resistance from some people who are unwilling to immunize. The literature review also addresses this problem and how it could be solved. Further, the application of system biology in the manufacture of drugs and conceptualization of new technologies is covered in the review.

Literature Review

In a study conducted by (Vetter et al., 2017) on understanding modern-day vaccines, the authors suggest that understanding vaccines should base on the biology of the infection, the disease the vaccine intends to deal with, and the target population for the vaccines. Since the understanding of vaccine basic concepts results in better use, the article focuses on different vaccine designs. Some vaccine types discussed in the article are live attenuated, inactivated, toxoid, and polysaccharide vaccines. In addition, (Tahamtan et al., 2017) give s brief overview of the development of vaccines and their place in the contemporary world, including how they contribute to reducing treatment costs through disease prevention. Like (Vetter et al., 2017), (Tahamtan et al., 2017) discuss the history of the development of vaccines and different vaccine study designs. Therefore, both articles intend to promote the understanding of vaccines.

On the other hand (Medaglini et al., 2020), discuss how technology may improve vaccine immunization in their study on Editorial: Advanced immunization technologies for next generation vaccines. According to the authors, vaccines have contributed to saving lives, though there have been failures too (Medaglini et al., 2020). Some vaccines are weak to fight infections while there are yet vaccines to deal with other emerging diseases (Medaglini et al., 2020). The authors suggest that the solution towards providing vaccines that address the modern challenges is using new immunization technologies (Medaglini et al., 2020). However, the problem in this research is that new immunization technologies promote patient safety only but do not contribute to new vaccine development and that complicates dealing with new infections. (Kitney et al., 2021), study building a sustainable vaccines industry with synthetic biology. When viral diseases continue to rise in number, there are challenges of manufacturing vaccines and that has led to some companies withdrawing from vaccine manufacturing. However, the use of synthetic biology, where Biofoundries apply, will reduce the cost of manufacturing and supplying vaccines. Like (Medaglini et al., 2020), the study by (Kitney et al., 2021) does not address the development of vaccines that deal with new diseases but rather focuses on reducing vaccine manufacturing costs.

In a study on finding a way to address a wicked problem: Vaccines, vaccination, and a shared understanding by (Shen, 2019), the author discusses the doubt some people have regarding vaccines. According to the author, the hesitancy to use vaccines remains a major concern in dealing with preventable diseases. The article also provides another critical point in the study of vaccines whereby people resist taking vaccines. This is further reinforced within the study conducted on communicating benefits from vaccines beyond preventing infectious diseases by (Chevalier-Cottin et al., 2020). The authors found out that communicating the direct benefits of vaccines is not enough to convince people to undertake vaccine immunizations. According to (Davis & Tato, 2017) on their study about systems biology and improved vaccines, there is the introduction of a system biology concept. According to the authors, the globe is still working to improve the health outcomes of using vaccines for diseases like Malaria and Tuberculosis which have existed for a long. Therefore, according to the author, the way forward to tackling these issues is the use of system biology; where there is a need to understand the interaction between body systems and vaccines (Davis & Tato, 2017). However, there is no proper explanation of how this will improve vaccines. (Pezeshki et al., 2019), in a study on the role of systems biology approaches in determining molecular signatures for the development of more effective vaccines, add to the study on system biology and how it applies in vaccine manufacture. According to the study, system biology promotes understanding of immune responses to different vaccines (Pezeshki et al., 2019). However, the study does not focus on improving vaccine outcomes.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the studies show that the understanding of vaccines begins with proper knowledge on their design and how they fight infections in the body. Moreover, some of the studies prove that not all people embrace the use of vaccines. In many parts of the world, there has been reluctance in the use of vaccines and mass education on vaccine benefit is not enough to change negative attitudes about vaccines. Further, modern development of vaccines need to be in line with system biology entailing how the body organs interact with vaccines.

Research Proposal

Based on the literature review, my study will focus on how to increase public acceptance of vaccines, maximize technology use in immunization and the use of synthetic biology in vaccine manufacture.

References