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combsChemistry II Lecture Two
IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemists) Prefixes and Suffixes used for Nomenclature (Naming of Compounds):
IUPAC Prefixes Prefixes for number(s) of anything
Alk- Aliphatic hydrocarbon di- two of whatever follows it
Meth- one carbon chain as in dichloro = 2 chlorines
Eth- two carbon chain tri- three of whatever follows it
Prop- three carbon chain tetra- four of whatever follows it But- four carbon chain penta- five of whatever follows it
Pent- five carbon chain hexa- six of whatever follows it
Hex- six carbon chain hepta- seven of whatever follows it
Hept- seven carbon chain
Oct- eight carbon chain
Non- nine carbon chain
Dec- ten carbon chain
IUPAC Suffixes (Characteristic Name Endings)
-ane - Saturated, all single bonds
-ene - double bond present
-yne - triple bond present
-yl - side chain of carbons
-ol - alcohol
-al - aldehyde
-oic - carboxylic acid (organic acid)
-one - ketone
-ate - ester (sometimes written as -oate)
-amine - amine
The simplest of the organic compounds are the
-
-
- these two elements can combine in a variety of ways to form other classes of organic compounds
DIVISIONS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
hydrocarbons
compounds that contain only hydrogen and carbons
A. Cyclic Compounds
- compounds that are bonded together in a ring formation
1)
-
- considered a hydrocarbon
C
/ \
C C OR
I I
C — C
Carbocyclic compounds
all carbons make up the ring
2)
-
- NOT considered a hydrocarbon
- forms a different type of cyclic compound
O
/ \
C C
I I
C C
Heterocyclic compounds
compounds with mostly carbons in the ring but with something else present
B. Acyclic or Aliphatic Compounds
-
- the aliphatic hydrocarbons can then be divided according to the type of bonding present between the carbon atoms
1) Alkanes –
2) Alkenes –
3) Alkynes –
organic compounds bonded in an open chain formation
all single bonds between carbons
at least one double bond between carbons
at least one triple bond between carbons
1) Alkanes
-
- prefix alk-
- suffix -ane
- with the presence of all single bonds
-
-
aliphatic hydrocarbons in which all of the carbon to carbon bonds are single covalent bonds
means aliphatic hydrocarbon
means all single bonds
the alkanes are considered to be saturated
meaning they are holding as many hydrogens as possible
- because they are saturated
-
- because you would have to replace a hydrogen if something else was brought in
- there are two other names for the alkanes as a group
A.
B.
Paraffin Series
Methane Series
the characteristic type of reaction for the alkanes is by replacement or substitution
2) Alkenes
-
- prefix alk-
- suffix -ene
- with the presence of a double bond
-
aliphatic hydrocarbons in which at least one of the carbon to carbon bonds is a double covalent bond
means aliphatic hydrocarbon
refers to the presence of at least one double bond between carbons
the alkenes are considered to be unsaturated
10
-
- if the double bond was broken
- because of being unsaturated
-
- because you could add something to the compound if the double bond is broken
- Alkenes also have two other names as a group:
a)
b)
meaning they could hold more hydrogens
the characteristic type of reaction for the alkenes is by addition
Olefin Series
Ethene Series
3) Alkynes -
- prefix alk-
- suffix -yne
- with the presence of a triple bond
-
-
-if the triple bond was broken
aliphatic hydrocarbons in which at least one of the carbon to carbon bonds is a triple covalent bond
means aliphatic hydrocarbon
refers to the presence of at least one triple bond between carbons
the alkynes are considered to be unsaturated
meaning they could hold more hydrogens
- because of being unsaturated
- the characteristic type of reaction for the alkynes is by addition
- because you could add something to the compound if the triple bond is broken
- Alkynes also have two other names as a group:
a)
b)
Acetylene Series
Ethyne Series