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Week3aPresentation.pptx

Chemistry II Lecture Two

IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemists) Prefixes and Suffixes used for Nomenclature (Naming of Compounds):

IUPAC Prefixes Prefixes for number(s) of anything

 Alk- Aliphatic hydrocarbon di- two of whatever follows it

Meth- one carbon chain as in dichloro = 2 chlorines

Eth- two carbon chain tri- three of whatever follows it

Prop- three carbon chain tetra- four of whatever follows it But- four carbon chain penta- five of whatever follows it

Pent- five carbon chain hexa- six of whatever follows it

Hex- six carbon chain hepta- seven of whatever follows it

Hept- seven carbon chain

Oct- eight carbon chain

Non- nine carbon chain

Dec- ten carbon chain

IUPAC Suffixes (Characteristic Name Endings)

 

-ane - Saturated, all single bonds

 

-ene - double bond present

 

-yne - triple bond present

 

-yl - side chain of carbons

 

-ol - alcohol

 

-al - aldehyde

 

-oic - carboxylic acid (organic acid)

 

-one - ketone

 

-ate - ester (sometimes written as -oate)

 

-amine - amine

 

The simplest of the organic compounds are the

 

-

 

-

 

- these two elements can combine in a variety of ways to form other classes of organic compounds

DIVISIONS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

hydrocarbons

compounds that contain only hydrogen and carbons

A. Cyclic Compounds

 

- compounds that are bonded together in a ring formation

1)

 

-

 

- considered a hydrocarbon

 

C

/ \

C C OR

I I

C — C

 

 

 

 

 

 

Carbocyclic compounds

all carbons make up the ring

2)

 

-

 

- NOT considered a hydrocarbon

 

- forms a different type of cyclic compound

 

  O

/ \

C C

I I

C C

 

 

Heterocyclic compounds

compounds with mostly carbons in the ring but with something else present

B. Acyclic or Aliphatic Compounds

 

-

 

 

- the aliphatic hydrocarbons can then be divided according to the type of bonding present between the carbon atoms

 

1) Alkanes –

 

2) Alkenes –

 

3) Alkynes –

organic compounds bonded in an open chain formation

all single bonds between carbons

at least one double bond between carbons

at least one triple bond between carbons

1) Alkanes

 

-

 

- prefix alk-

 

- suffix -ane

 

- with the presence of all single bonds

 

-

-

aliphatic hydrocarbons in which all of the carbon to carbon bonds are single covalent bonds

means aliphatic hydrocarbon

means all single bonds

the alkanes are considered to be saturated

meaning they are holding as many hydrogens as possible

- because they are saturated

 

-

 

- because you would have to replace a hydrogen if something else was brought in

 

- there are two other names for the alkanes as a group

 

A.

 

B.

Paraffin Series

Methane Series

the characteristic type of reaction for the alkanes is by replacement or substitution

2) Alkenes 

-

 

- prefix alk-

 

- suffix -ene

 

- with the presence of a double bond

 

-

aliphatic hydrocarbons in which at least one of the carbon to carbon bonds is a double covalent bond

means aliphatic hydrocarbon

refers to the presence of at least one double bond between carbons

the alkenes are considered to be unsaturated

10

-

 

- if the double bond was broken

 

- because of being unsaturated

 

-

- because you could add something to the compound if the double bond is broken

 

- Alkenes also have two other names as a group:

 

a)

 

b)

meaning they could hold more hydrogens

the characteristic type of reaction for the alkenes is by addition

Olefin Series

Ethene Series

3) Alkynes -

 - prefix alk-

 

- suffix -yne

 

- with the presence of a triple bond

 

-

  -

-if the triple bond was broken

aliphatic hydrocarbons in which at least one of the carbon to carbon bonds is a triple covalent bond

means aliphatic hydrocarbon

refers to the presence of at least one triple bond between carbons

the alkynes are considered to be unsaturated

meaning they could hold more hydrogens

- because of being unsaturated

 

- the characteristic type of reaction for the alkynes is by addition

- because you could add something to the compound if the triple bond is broken

 

- Alkynes also have two other names as a group:

 

a)

 

b)

Acetylene Series

Ethyne Series