How to achieve food security in the face of climate change?
jwest5
Week3_Waterscarcityandfoodsecurity_9-10-2019.pptxWater Scarcity & Food Security
Outline
Key concepts about water
Water scarcity & Agriculture
Strategies for improving water use
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Water and Food Security
Goals:
Know basic facts about water
Understand the importance of water to food security
Save water!
Life requires water
http://www.radicalfitnessministries.com/uncategorized/water-challenge-check-water-essential-life/
Not only plants, but our human and all living life
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Water and civilization
http://proof.nationalgeographic.com/2015/09/21/photos-from-1967-reveal-a-lost-culture-in-iraq/
Water breeds civilization!
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Hurricane Dorian left Bahama devastated
September 5, 2019
https://www.cbsnews.com/pictures/hurricane-dorian-2019-bahamas-us-damage-photos/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flint_water_crisis#/media/File:Flint_River_in_Flint_MIchigan.jpg
Flint water crisis
Drinking water contamination in Flint, Michigan, United States
Corrosive water in Flint River caused lead from aging pipes to leach into the water supply, causing extremely elevated levels of this heavy metal neurotoxin, creating a serious public health danger
~10,000 children have been exposed to drinking water with high levels of lead and they may experience a range of serious health problems
Water - Contamination
2014
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Nature for Water
March 22
Theme in 2018
Leaving no one behind
Theme in 2019
Water Scarcity & Food Security
Outline
Key concepts about water
Food is water
Blue water & Green water
Water Scarcity & Agriculture
Strategies for improving water use
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What is a water footprint?
the amount of fresh water utilized in the production or supply of the goods and services used by a particular person or group.
The water footprint measures the amount of water used to produce each of the goods and services we use. It can be measured for a single process, such as growing rice, for a product, such as a pair of jeans, for the fuel we put in our car, or for an entire multi-national company. The water footprint can also tell us how much water is being consumed by a particular country – or globally – in a specific river basin or from an aquifer.
The water footprint is a measure of humanity’s appropriation of fresh water in volumes of water consumed and/or polluted.
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http://www.crawfordstewardshipproject.org/images/global-water-footprint.jpg
USA: 2483
Canada: 2049
France: 1875
Russia: 1858
Germany: 1545
Australia: 1393
Brazil: 1381
Japan: 1153
India: 980
China: 702
Water Footprint per capita (m3 per year)
2000 Gallon / day
M3/year
M3/year
7570 Liter /day
We live in a watery world, with the average American lifestyle fueled by nearly 2,000 gallons of H2O a day.
What may come as a surprise is that very little of that—only five percent—runs through toilets, taps, and garden hoses at home. Nearly 95 percent of your water footprint is hidden in the food you eat, energy you use, products you buy, and services you rely on.
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Food is water !
Food is water !
Food is water !
Global Average Water Footprint
822 litre / kg
1 apple (150 gram) ~ 125 litre (33 gallon)
560 Litre / kg
1 orange (150 gram) ~ 80 litre (21 gallon)
http://waterfootprint.org/en/resources/interactive-tools/product-gallery/
15,500 litre / kg
Global Average Water Footprint
One steak (~100 gram)
http://waterfootprint.org/en/resources/interactive-tools/product-gallery/
24,000 litre/kg
1,550 litre (407 gallon)
One bar (~38 gram)
912 litre (240 gallon)
Consider the water footprint of beef. In an industrial beef production system, it takes on average three years before the animal is slaughtered to produce about 200 kg of boneless beef. The animal consumes nearly 1,300 kg of grains (wheat, oats, barley, corn, dry peas, soybean meal and other small grains), 7,200 kg of roughages (pasture, dry hay, silage and other roughages), 24 cubic metres of water for drinking and 7 cubic metres of water for servicing. This means that to produce one kilogram of boneless beef, we use about 6.5 kg of grain, 36 kg of roughages, and 155 litres of water (only for drinking and servicing). Producing the volume of feed requires about 15,300 litres of water on average. The water footprint of 1 kg of beef thus adds up to 15,500 litres of water. This still excludes the volume of polluted water that may result from leaching of fertilisers in the feed crop field or from surplus manure reaching the water system.
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| Food item | Unit | water footprint (litres) |
| Apple or pear | 1 kg | 700 |
| Banana | 1 kg | 860 |
| Beef | 1 kg | 15,500 |
| Beer (from barley) | 1 glass of 250 ml | 75 |
| Bread (from wheat) | 1 kg | 1,300 |
| Cabbage | 1 kg | 200 |
| Cheese | 1 kg | 5,000 |
| Chicken | 1 kg | 3,900 |
| Chocolate | 1 kg | 24,000 |
| Coffee | 1 cup of 125 ml | 140 |
| Cucumber or pumpkin | 1 kg | 240 |
| Dates | 1 kg | 3,000 |
| Groundnuts (in shell) | 1 kg | 3,100 |
| Lettuce | 1 kg | 130 |
| Maize | 1 kg | 900 |
| Mango | 1 kg | 1,600 |
| Milk | 1 glass of 250 ml | 250 |
| Olives | 1 kg | 4,400 |
| Orange | 1 kg | 460 |
| Peach or nectarine | 1 kg | 1,200 |
| Pork | 1 kg | 4,800 |
| Potato | 1 kg | 250 |
| Rice | 1 kg | 3,400 |
| Sugar (from sugar cane) | 1 kg | 1,500 |
| Tea | 1 cup of 250 ml | 30 |
| Tomato | 1 kg | 180 |
| Wine | 1 glass of 125 ml | 120 |
http://waterfootprint.org/en/
Food water- footprint
Water Scarcity & Food Security
Outline
Key concepts about water
Food is water
Blue water & Green water
Water Scarcity & Agriculture
Strategies for improving water use
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All water
Fresh water
Readily accessible fresh water
Oceans and
saline lakes
97.4%
Fresh water
2.6%
Groundwater
0.592%
Ice caps
and glaciers
1.984%
Soil
moisture
0.005%
Biota
0.0001%
Rivers
0.0001%
Atmospheric
water vapor
0.001%
0.014%
Lakes
0.007%
Earth’s Water Distribution
http://images.slideplayer.com/5/1591787/slides/slide_5.jpg
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Global Freshwater Use by Sectors
70%
20%
10%
http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/water_use/index.stm
Agriculture
Domestic use
Industry
Freshwater use-
20% - industry
10% - cities and residents
70% - irrigation of 1/5 of the world’s cropland (40% of world food)
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http://phys.org/news/2015-07-nasa-liquid-assets.html
Water Cycle
Water
Transpiration
Water evaporates from ocean, lakes, rivers, soil and plant, form clouds and condense into water and ice and come back to earth surface as rainfall and snowfall. Rain water will infiltrate into soil, become green water, it will run off to river and lake and reach to ground water, become blue water, or run into the sea.
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Blue Water
Fresh water in streams, rivers and lakes, water in aquifers
Needed to meet industrial, domestic, hydroelectric demands
Used in irrigated agriculture
Green Water
Green water ≠ rainfall
Rainwater absorbed by soil, i.e. Soil moisture
Accounts for most of the crop water consumption in agriculture
Used in rain-fed agriculture
Fresh Water for Agriculture/Industrial/Domestic Use:
Blue Water
Rivers discharge 45,000 km3/yr
Irrigation only uses 8%
Aquifers are enormous = 23.4 million km3, but they refill very slowly.
Green water
Soil moisture = 17000 km3 of total GW stored
ET flows to atmosphere ~ 65,500 km3/yr
88% of ET generated from GW can sustain ecological fxns
12% used in Ag.
Blue water is the liquid water above and below the ground (rivers, lakes, groundwater), and green water is the soil water in the unsaturated zone derived from precipitation The portion of water that is directly used and evaporated by rainfed agriculture, pastures and forests is defined as green water. Thus, green water flow has two components: The productive part, or the transpiration involved in biomass production in terrestrial ecosystems, and the non-productive part, or evaporation [8]. Blue and green water are both viewed as renewable resources in the broad sense; however, only blue water is assessed in the strict sense
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Evaporation and transpiration
Evaporation
Stream
Infiltration
Water
table
Infiltration
Unconfined aquifer
Confined aquifer
Lake
Well requiring a pump
Flowing
artesian well
Runoff
Precipitation
Confined
Recharge
Area
Recharge
Unconfined
Aquifer
Less
permeable material
such as clay
Confining impermeable rock layer
Unconfined Aquifer Recharge Area
Groundwater Systems
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Evaporation
Transpiration
Precipitation
Fresh Water for Agriculture, domestic and industrial Use
Lakes
Rivers
Groundwater
20% of Agri. Land produce 40% of food
80% of Agri. Land produce 60% of food
Irrigated Agri.
Blue Water
35%
Domestic & Industrial Use
Grey Water
Ocean
100%
Land & Soil
Green Water
65%
Rain-fed Agri
Ocean
If we imagine 100 mm of rainfall
56mm will go into forests, grasslands, general ecosystems
4.5 mm will go into crops and livestock in rainfed ag
2 mm will go into irrigated ag
1.3 mm will be stored
0.1 mm will go to industry and cities
36 mm will be returned to the ocean
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Water Scarcity & Food Security
Outline
Key concepts about water
Water scarcity and Agriculture
Major strategies for water use
virtual water trade, water availability and future demand scenarios, and to propose potential solutions to cope with water scarcity for food production.
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Water Scarcity
Physical water scarcity: water resources are insufficient to meet all demands (SCARCITY)
Arid regions
Minimum environmental flow
Economic water scarcity: investments are needed to keep up with limited financial, human, or institutional capacities (ACCESS)
Infrastructure
Politics
floods and droughts
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Molden et al. 2011
Areas of Physical and Economic Water Scarcity
In the semi-arid and dry sub-humid zone, it is not the amount of
rainfall that is the limiting factor of production Rather, it is the extreme variability of rainfall, with high
rainfall intensities, few rain events, and poor spatial and temporal distribution of rainfall. By contrast, in the arid zone, crop water needs often exceed total rainfall, causing absolute water scarcity.
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http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/06/17/groundwater-depletion-nasa-study_n_7603292.html
One-third of the 37 world’s largest groundwater sources (aquifers) are distressed
One-Third Of The World’s Largest Groundwater Sources Are In Serious Trouble: Study
About one third of Earth's largest groundwater basins are being rapidly depleted by human consumption, despite having little accurate data about how much water remains in them, according to two new studies led by the University of California, Irvine (UCI), using data from NASA's Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellites.
Groundwater storage trends for Earth's 37 largest aquifers from UCI-led study using NASA GRACE data (2003 - 2013). Of these, 21 have exceeded sustainability tipping points and are being depleted, with 13 considered significantly distressed, threatening regional water security and resilience. Image Credit: UC Irvine/NASA/JPL-Caltech
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http://water.usgs.gov/edu/gwdepletion.html
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XXFsS94HF08
The Ogallala Aquifer
The aquifers in the USA are depleting rapidly too
Video
http://water.usgs.gov/edu/gwdepletion.html
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What is percolation in relation to aquifer?
It is the depletion process of the Ogallala aquifer
It is a process that describes downward migration of water in the unsaturated zone
It is equivalent to evaporation
I do not know
In 2012, the average American consumed 71.2 pounds of red meat (beef, veal, pork, and lamb) and 54.1 pounds of poultry (chicken and turkey) per year----~1.5 pounds a week
Though meat consumption in the U.S. has dropped off slightly in recent years, at 270.7 pounds per person a year
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Water Scarcity & Food Security
Outline
Key concepts about water
Water scarcity & agriculture
Strategies for tackling water scarcity
Policy and regulation
Technologies
Improve water use efficiency
Save water
virtual water trade, water availability and future demand scenarios, and to propose potential solutions to cope with water scarcity for food production.
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1. Policy change for water use efficiency
Contract farming
Walmart
Competitive corporate supply chain
Climate Smart Agriculture Program that focuses on increasing transparency of agricultural yields, water use, and greenhouse gas emissions from their supply chain in the next ten years.
Government policy (Farm Bills)
Imposing groundwater tax
Incentivizing water conservation
INSTEAD OF a top-down approach, private sector’s involvement is also needed and may be more effective.
Wal-mart is the world largest grocery retailor Working with 15 suppliers of commodity grains — representing 30 percent of food and beverages sold in America — Wal-Mart helped give farmers data
Last fall (2014), Wal-Mart decided to begin tackling agriculture and climate change, introducing their Climate Smart Agriculture Program that focuses on increasing transparency of agricultural yields, water use, and greenhouse gas emissions from their supply chain in the next ten years. As part of the program, Wal-Mart began to take a look at the products that contribute most substantially to greenhouse gas emissions and pollution — and found that grains like soy, corn, and wheat were the primary culprits.
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2. Climate & Water-Smart Agriculture
https://californiawaterblog.com/2015/04/28/jobs-per-drop-irrigating-california-crops/
Water availability
(Blue and green water)
Climate (temperature)
Soil type
Market
A principle:
crops with the highest revenue per net unit of water usually have the highest employment per land area and water use.
Crop Production in California
http://images.huffingtonpost.com/2015-01-16-PaleMapOfFoodCrops.jpg
2. Climate & Water-Smart Agriculture
A principle:
crops with the highest revenue per net unit of water usually have the highest employment per land area and water use.
3. Food Production vs. Trade
Global water distribution is not even and global warming will exacerbate water scarcity
30% of all water in global food is not local water
Competition for water among industry, municipalities and agriculture
Map of the world’s countries classified on the basis of their dependency on local and virtual water resources, based on data for the 1996–2005 period.
Samir Suweis et al. PNAS 2013;110:4230-4233
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Virtual water
virtual water import
virtual water export
http://temp.waterfootprint.org/?page=files/VirtualWaterFlows
2320 billion m3 per year during the period 1996-2005
3. Food Production vs. Trade
Virtual Water Trade as a Strategy to Water Resource Management
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Central Arizona Project allows passage of water from Colorado River to central and southern Arizona. It is 336 miles long.
Colorado River Basin
4. Water Redistribution
The Central Arizona Project canal passes groundwater recharge ponds to the north of Scottsdale. The 540-kilometer (336-mile) canal delivers Colorado River water to cities, farms, and tribes in the interior of Arizona
Construction of the project began in 1973 with the award of a contract for the Havasu Intake Channel Dike and excavation for the Havasu Pumping Plant (now Mark Wilmer Pumping Plant) on the shores of Lake Havasu. Construction of the other project features, such as the New Waddell Dam, followed. The backbone aqueduct system, which runs about 336 miles (541 km) from Lake Havasu to a terminus 14 mi (22.5 km) southwest of Tucson, was declared substantially complete in 1993. The new and modified damsconstructed as part of the project were declared substantially complete in 1994.
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南水北调工程
The South–North Water Transfer Project
800 mile canal
$62 billion
300,000 people relocated
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Increasing Water Use Efficiency
Reduce soil evaporation
Improved soil organic matter
Cover soil with plastic
Use cover crops
Increase irrigation efficiency
Save rain water in reservoirs
Drip irrigation
http://www.hgtv.com/design/outdoor-design/landscaping-and-hardscaping/how-to-conduct-an-irrigation-audit
5. Water conservation
Water productivity can be increased by reducing unproductive losses of water such as soil evaporation, while increasing productive water flows (transpiration).
Highest gains come from improving low-yielding agriculture when suplemental irrigation is combined with improved tillage and soil mgmt.
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Agriculture
Landscape
Public parks
Golf course irrigation
Cooling water for power plants and oil refineries
Processing water for mills, plants
Toilet flushing
Dust control,
Artificial lakes
Food safety
6. Using recycled water
http://www.utilities-me.com/article-3541-mitsui-co-completes-abu-dhabi-power-plant-sale/
7. Water Desalination
Qatar put 1,800 megawatts of solar systems to produce 3.5 million cubic meters of water from sea water
Qatar put 1,800 megawatts of solar systems to produce 3.5 million cubic meters of water. And that is a lot of water. Through desalination
Qatar has had the highest per-capita carbon dioxide emissions in the world, at 49.1 metric tons per person in 2008.[171] Qataris are also some of the highest consumers of water per capita per day, using around 400 litres
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8. Reducing water footprints of individuals, households, communities
Saving Water at home
Eat less beef and chocolate
Turn off tap water while not in use
Do not put water down the drain when there may be another use for it such as watering a plant or garden, or cleaning.
Verify that your home is leak-free
Avoid flushing the toilet unnecessarily
Do not use running water to thaw meat or other frozen foods.
8. Reducing water footprints of individuals, households, communities
Summary
Food is water!
70% fresh water is used for agriculture
There is Blue water and Green water
Water scarcity is a key limiting factor of food security
Enhance water use efficiency
Save water!
Water and Food Security
< 0.02%
Goals:
Know basic facts about water
Readily accessible fresh water is precious
70% of it is used for Agriculture
Understand the importance of water to food security
Food is water!
Save water
Take action !
Freshwater Shortages
Can you suggest three different approaches to enhance water use efficiency in a farm and/or at home?
A question for writing your summary
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Food Security cCrop Protection Feeding Nine Billion by 2050
and
Food Security
cCrop Protection
Feeding Nine Billion by 2050
and
