Portland based motivation project paper and presentation
DTE
week3_Tue_brainmotivation_ch3_notes.pdf
1/16/2020
1
House Keeping
• Project group sign-up and contract: all done?
• Exam 1: 1/23 –12:00PM in our classroom – Bring your scantron and a right pencil
– Group Project time: 1PM-1:50PM
• We will review brain & motivation, discuss suppl. Article 2, subgroup discussions of suppl. articles from the extra-credit exercise (see d2L for the announcement), and then do Exam 1 Q&As.
Motivational Brain Chapter 3 (partial) & Supplementary
Article (2)
Liu-Qin Yang, Ph.D.
THE BRAIN
Why is the Brain Important?
Thinking Brain
Cognitive and Intellectual Functions “What task it is doing”
Motivated Brain
“Whether you want to do it”
Emotional Brain
“What your mood is while doing it”
Brain
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2
The Brain
• Three basic principles – 1. Day-to-day events activate biochemical agents
• Won a lottery dopamine ( joy)
• On a diet ghrelin ( hunger)
The Brain
• Three basic principles
– 2. Biochemical agents stimulate brain structures
• Neurotransmitters for nervous system (fast or slow; e.g., dopamine)
• Hormones for endocrine system (fast or slow; e.g., cortisol)
The Brain
• Three basic principles
– 3. Brain structure motivational state
• Stimulation of structure or pattern of structures generates specific motivation
– Hypothalamus hunger
– Right prefrontal cortex avoidance motivation
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3
Environment
al
Event
Food deprivation
(i.e., dieting)
B iochemical
Agent
Ghrelin
(a hormone) produced and circulated in
the blood stream
Brain
Structure
Ghrelin stimulates
hypothalam us
Aroused
Motivation
Stimulated hypothalamus
creates the psychological experience of
hunger
The Motivated Brain
Food Deprivation Activates the Ghrelin Release that
Stimulates the Hypothalamus to Create Hunger
Environmenta
l Event
Unexpected pleasant event
occurs
Biochemical
Agent
Dopamine
(a neurotrasmitter) released and
circulated into brain circuit
Br ain
Structur
e
Dopamine stimulates
limbic structures
Aroused
Emotion
Feeling good,
pleasure, positive
affect
The Emotional Brain
Good Event Activates The Dopamine
Release That Stimulates Positive Affect
Environmental
Event
A stressful life event (e.g.,
potential layoff)
Br ain
Structure
Activates Hypothalamus
(and further pituitary-
adrenal glands)
Biochemical
Agent
Cortisol is released into
blood and then saliva systems
Aroused
behavior
Make riskier decisions
The “Stressed” Brain
Stressful Event Activates The Cortisol
Release That Stimulates Risky Behavior
N e u
ro tra
n s m
itte rs
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The Brain
• Looking at the brain – EEG
• electroencephalogram
– CT scan
• Computed tomography (X-ray)
– PET scan
• Positron emission tomography
– Radioactive glucose
The Brain
• Looking at the brain
– MRI
• Magnetic resonance imaging
– Radio waves & spin
– fMRI
• Functional MRI
– Blood flow
Brain and Motivation
• Emotional, cognitive, and social brain
– A video clip about science and application
• How is it related to motivation?
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Motivation & the Brain
• Approach motivation – Hypothalamus
• Pleasure related to basic bio functions
• Regulates endocrine system (pituitary) & autonomic nervous system
Motivation & the Brain
• Approach motivation
– Left prefrontal cortex (PFC)
• Approach motivation
• Happy-sad emotions
RIGHT prefrontal lobe
LEFT prefrontal lobe
Motivation & the Brain
• Avoidance motivation
– Right prefrontal cortex (PFC)
• Avoidance motivation
• Anxious-calm emotions
RIGHT prefrontal lobe
LEFT prefrontal lobe
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Basic Motivation
• Approach – Left PFC
– Sensitivity to rewards • Gains AND non-gains
• Avoidance – Right PFC
– Sensitivity to punishment • Losses AND non-losses
RIGHT prefrontal lobe
LEFT prefrontal lobe
Basic Motivation
Variable Approach Avoidance
Brain control Left prefrontal cortex Right prefrontal cortex
Brain systems Beh Activation System
(BAS)
Beh Inhibition System
(BIS)
Personality Extraversion Neuroticism
Self-view Ideal self Ought, feared self
Affect Positive Affect (PA)
(e.g., happy)
Negative affect (NA)
(e.g., anxious)
Article (2)
• How many studies were done?
• What methods were used?
• What are the key conclusions and applications?
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7
Biochemical Agents: Neurotransmitters
• Chemical messengers in the nervous system
• 4 are particularly relevant for motivation:
– Dopamine
– Serotonin
– Norepinephrine
– Endorphin
• Incentives (stimuli that foreshadow the imminent delivery of rewards) triggers dopamine release.
Dopamine Release and Incentives
• Dopamine release teaches us which events in the environments are rewarding.
Dopamine Release and Reward
• Dopamine release activates voluntary goal-directed approach responses.
Dopamine and Motivated Action
• Addictive drugs are potent reinforcers because their repeated usage produces hypersensitivity to dopamine stimulation.
Addictions
Copyright © 2014 John
Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved
Biochemical Agents: Neurotransmitters
• Serotonin
– Regulates mood & emotion (cope with stress), appetite, muscle contraction, cognitive functions (e.g., memory)
• Norepinephrine
– Regulates arousal & alertness
• Endorphin
– Inhibits fear, anxiety, pain
– “natural pain relievers”
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Biochemical Agents: Hormones
• Cortisol: The “stress hormone”
– Acute vs. chronic
• Testosterone:
– The “gender-related hormone”
• Oxytocin: The “bonding hormone”
– Discussion of Article (2b)
Recap
• Three basic principles of the brain – Stimulation of structure specific motivation
– Biochemical agents stimulate brain structures
– Environmental stimuli activate biochemical agents
• Why is brain a motivational brain? – Approach orientation and left prefrontal
– Avoidance orientation and right prefrontal
– This orientation is central (personality, affect, etc.)
• Biochemical Agents – Which 4 neurotransmitters are the most relevant?
– Which hormones are the most relevant to motivation?
