RESEARCH PROCESS
Lencho66
Week3_PPT_b.pptxMSN5300 Week 3 Ch. 7
Faculty: Dr. Maureen
Chapter 7 Review of Relevant Literature
1. validate the purpose of a literature
review; and
2. justify need for theoretical and
empirical literature in research.
By the end of the class the students will:
Learning Objectives
What Is a Literature Review?
interpretative, organized, and written presentation of relevant literature (on the research topic)
should answer “What is the current state of knowledge regarding this topic?”
3
3
What is “relevant Literature”?
All written sources relevant to the selected topic, incl:
printed and electronic newspapers
encyclopedias
conference papers
scientific journals
Textbooks or other books
theses, dissertations
clinical journals
What is “relevant Literature”? (…con’t…)
websites and reports of government agencies and professional organizations
researcher must be discerning about sources of information online
good for preliminary information but original sources are necessary
peer review: an expert determines worth
What Types of Literature Can I Expect to Find?
bibliographical database: online source index
theoretical literature: concept analyses, models, theories, and conceptual frameworks
empirical literature: research-based knowledge
seminal studies: studies that prompted the initiation of a field of research
landmark studies: published research that led to an important development or a turning point
6
Literature Formats
serials are published over time or may be published in multiple volumes at one time
periodicals: serials with predictable publication dates, such as journals
monographs: written and published for a specific purpose and may be updated with a new edition
books, hard-copy conference proceedings, pamphlets
textbooks/ebooks: monographs written as resource materials for educational programs
7
Other Potential Sources
Government reports: useful for diseases
Position papers: disseminated by professional organizations and government agencies to promote a particular viewpoint on a debatable issue
Theses: research completed as part of the requirements for a master’s degree
Dissertations: written report of an extensive research project completed as the final requirement for a doctoral degree
8
Reviewing the Literature
**IMP: primary versus secondary sources
evaluating clinical practice
consistency with the latest research evidence
developing a qualitative research proposal
phenomenology and grounded theory, no literature review until data analysis complete
other qualitative designs, review is permitted
developing a quantitative proposal
find gap in knowledge
9
Practical Considerations
type of literature
amount of literature: “lost in the literature”
process of reading and stages of a literature review
10
Role of Literature Throughout Quantitative Study
11
Searching the Literature
develop a search plan
record name, date, search terms, search strategy, number and type of articles found
decide databases to search
bibliographical database using disciplines
interdisciplinary research encouraged
search strategies
keywords, authors, advanced searches, Boolean operators (and/or/not)
12
Reading and Critiquing Research
skimming sources
comprehending sources
understand all in entirety
analyzing sources
critical appraisal and making comparisons
sorting sources
synthesizing sources
clarifying meaning
13
Writing the Review of Literature
writing suggestions
clear, correct, and concise
organization
introduction
discussion of theoretical literature
discussion of empirical literature
summary
refine and check references
14
References
always check references before submitting the paper, thesis, or dissertation
each citation has a reference and vice versa
authors’ names are spelled consistently, throughout
publication years agree
all direct quotations have citations, including page numbers
15
MSN5300 Week 3 Ch. 8
Faculty: Dr. K. Richards
Chapter 8 Frameworks
explain the purpose of a
research framework.
By the end of the class the students will:
Learning Objective
Theoretical Framework
Theoretical Framework:
abstract, logical structure of meaning
guides development of the study
enables the reader to link findings to the body of knowledge in nursing
almost always present in quantitative research, although often unstated
used in outcomes research and sometimes in qualitative research
rarely identified in mixed methods research
18
Theoretical Ideas and Terms
Concept:
abstract term that describes and names an object, phenomenon, or idea, thus providing it with a distinct identity or meaning
Construct:
concept with high level of abstraction under which several smaller concepts cluster
relational statement: explanation of the connection between or among concepts
provides structure to a framework
19
Theoretical Ideas and Terms (…con’t…)
Theory:
set of defined concepts and relational statements
provides structured way to think about phenomena
Scientific theories (sometimes called laws):
theories for which repeated studies have validated relationships among concepts
20
Relational Statements
Relational statements:
describe direction, shape, strength, symmetry, sequencing, probability of occurrence, necessity, and sufficiency of a relationship
statements may be expressed as words in a sentence (language/literary form), as shapes and arrows (diagram form), or equations (mathematical form)
Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
21
Levels of Abstraction of Statements
General propositions (grand theory, conceptual models):
high levels of abstraction
Specific propositions (middle-range theory):
moderate levels of abstraction
Hypotheses:
specific statements with low levels of abstraction
Operational definitions:
link the framework to reality
22
Middle-Range Theories
closer to the substance of clinical practice, less abstract
guides practitioner to understand client behavior, enabling effective interventions
substantive/practice theories
used more commonly than grand theories as frameworks for research
23
Grand Theories
conceptual models in nursing
provide an overall picture, or gestalt, of the phenomena they explain
include the metaparadigm (domain) concepts of nursing:
person
health
environment
nursing
not directly testable through research
cannot be used alone as study framework
24
Understanding Concepts
Conceptual map:
diagram of research framework
summarizes and integrates the theoretical structure of a study
Variable:
concept made measurable
Conceptual definition:
more comprehensive than dictionary
derived from concept synthesis
25
Understanding Concepts (…con’t…)
Concept synthesis:
process of describing and naming a previously unrecognized concept
Concept derivation:
transposition of a concept from one field of knowledge to another
Concept analysis:
identification of a set of characteristics essential to the connotative meaning of a concept
26
Links Among Constructs, Concepts, and Variables
27
