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the politics of printing, paper, and words

King Pepin, king of the Franks, Talking with Pope Stephen II (Pabolo Guidici, 1930)

a public sphere (An Evening at Madame Geoffrin's by Anicent Charles Gabriel Lemonnier, 1812)

Jürgen Habermas The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere:

An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society (1962)

Jürgen Habermas The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere:

An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society (1962)

“the bourgeois public sphere may be conceived above all as the sphere of private people coming together as a public.”

The Institute of Social Research (birth of “The Frankfurt School”)

Herbert Marcuse

Walter BenjaminMax Horkheimer

Theodor Adorno

The Frankfurt School: also interested in non-materialist factors within culture

Karl Marx: materialist philosopher

The Frankfurt School: also interested in non-materialist factors within culture

Karl Marx: materialist philosopher

The Frankfurt School: also interested in non-materialist factors within culture

Karl Marx: materialist philosopher

the Frankfurt School: the “cultural industry” disseminates a capitalist

ideology

Jürgen Habermas The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere:

An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society (1962)

“the bourgeois public sphere may be conceived above all as the sphere of private people coming together as a public.”

media / medium coffee as a medium facilitating the creation of ideas and media

media: 1. the main means of mass communication (broadcasting, publishing, and the internet) regarded collectively.

2. plural form of medium.

medium: 1. an agency or means of doing something 2. a means by which something is communicated or expressed 3. the intervening substance through which impressions are conveyed to the senses or a

force acts on objects at a distance.

Tom Standage:

“collectively, Europe’s coffeehouses functioned as the Internet of the Age of Reason.”

“it was in coffeehouses that science and commerce became intertwined.”

“the critique of authority was encouraged by print, which made incompatible views of the same subject more widely available.”

—Asa Briggs and Peter Burke

woodblock printing: invented in China around 200 A.D.

moveable type printing:

invented around 1040 A.D.

The civilization accelerator: China engraved block printing technique: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OxTiR1mBaJU

Johannes Gutenberg: originally a goldsmith who invented the European printing press in 1440.

Gutenberg's printing press was influenced by the wine presses of the time.

Gutenberg’s Press- A Demonstration: https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=307&v=IOAVAV9gAmY

Gutenberg Bible, 1454

Holy Roman Empire ruling over a divided state (1400)

Martin Luther protestant leader

German professor of theology and monk 1483-1546

1517: Martin Luther posts his Ninety-Five Theses on the doors of All Saints Catholic Church in Wittenberg, Germany.

“salvation comes through faith, not good works—not through prayer, fasting, vigils, pilgrimages, relics, giving to the poor, the sacraments, of any action that a person can take. we can’t ever be good enough, through our actions, to merit salvation. we can only have faith.” —Martin Luther

Martin Luther’s German translation of the bible

(1534)

The Twelve Articles the founding document of the peasant revolt, which lead

to the Peasants’ War in 1525. considered the first draft of human rights and civil

liberties in continental Europe after the Roman Empire.

The First Article:

it is our humble petition and desire, as also our will and desire, that in the future we should have power and

authority so that each community should choose and appoint a pastor, and that we should have the right to

depose him should he conduct himself improperly. The pastor thus chosen should teach us the gospel pure and simple, without any addition, doctrine, or ordinance

of man.

The Third Article: it has been the custom hitherto for men to hold us as

their own property, which is pitiable enough, considering that Christ has delivered and redeemed us all, without exception, by the shedding of his precious blood, the

lowly as well as the great. accordingly it is consistent with scripture that we should be free and should wish to be

so. not that we would wish to be absolutely free and under no authority. God does not teach that we should

lead a disorderly life in the lusts of the flesh, but that we should love the Lord our God and our neighbor. we would

gladly observe all this as God has commanded us in the celebration of the communion. he has not commanded us not to obey the authorities, but rather that we should be humble, not only towards those in authority, but towards

everyone. we are thus ready to yield obedience according to God's law to our elected and regular authorities in all

proper things becoming to a Christian. we therefore take it for granted that you will release us from serfdom as

true Christians, unless it should be shown from the gospel that we are serfs.

Thomas Müntzer a leader of the peasants during The Peasants’ War.

believed that Christians were supposed to be free spiritually, and they were all to be equal and free

economically and politically.

peasant army of up to 300,000 people. estimated around 100,000 peasants killed.

Münster rebellion 1534-1535

-Anabaptist attempt to establish their own communal sectarian government

in the German city of Münster.

-resulted in the torture, murder, and subsequent display of the rebel

leaders’ bodies.

Thomas Müntzer believed in "a society with no class differences, no private

property and no state authority independent of, and foreign to, members of society."Friedrich Engels: developed Marxist philosophy

along with Karl Marx.

dir. Harry and Basil Wright (1936)

Night Mail, dir. Harry and Basil Wright. 1936: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1jz09zAoIqNrdfr_bGnhYOIbRGz91jnbs/view?usp=sharing

activists burning draft cards to protest the military draft during the Vietnam War.

draft lasted from 1969 to 1973.

2.2 million out of an eligible 27 million men were drafted throughout the war.

“Warren was not persuaded that the draft cards were arbitrary, unnecessary pieces of paperwork that served no practical purpose. he felt that they helped the draft process function more smoothly and that congress should have substantial discretion in the measures that it took to facilitate raising an army. O'Brien was free to verbally criticize the use of draft cards, but burning them directly frustrated the government's interest in keeping draft cards available. the government had no meaningful alternative way to assure their continued use if they were destroyed.”

THE DRAFT | Up In Flames | PBS: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=13vuJrwpZgQ

Are Trump’s Tweets Presidential?: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z_m85mRYxSQ

Nancy Pelosi rips-up the printed version of Trump’s State of the Union Address (2020)