Discussion board
Laura1990.
WEEK2THEORIESANDDESIGNS.ppt*Revision 1 (2006)
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From Theory To Practice
Learning
Theory
Instructional Design Models
Develop and Implement Lessons
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What is Learning Theory?
(an informal definition)
An attempt to:
Define the nature of human learning
Describe the process of learning
Detail how to best achieve and assess learning
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What is “Educational Technology”?
“Instructional (or Educational) Technology is the theory and practice of design, development, utilization, management, and evaluation of processes and resources for learning.”
- From The Association for Educational Communications and Technology (AECT).
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Integrating Learning Theory and Educational Technology
The goal is to use theories of learning to:
Maximize learning in students
Achieve greater efficiencies in instruction
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What are the Three Major Theories of Learning?
Behaviorism
Cognitivism
Constructivism
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Behaviorism
Viewed learning as conditioned responses (stimulus/response)
Defined learning as “a stable change in behavior”
Led to development in “learning machines” that monitored behavior and delivered reinforcements
But could not explain such phenomena as insight, language acquisition, and mental imagery
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Behaviorism in the Classroom
Rote memorization of basic facts and information
Drill and practice with reinforcement and immediate feedback
Behavior modification and management (e.g., classroom management)
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- Weakness -the learner may find themselves in a situation where the stimulus for the correct response does not occur, therefore the learner cannot respond. - A worker who has been conditioned to respond to a certain cue at work stops production when an anomaly occurs
- Strength - the learner is focused on a clear goal and can respond automatically to the cues of that goal. -
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Cognitivism
Extended behavioral views to include the mind
No single clear originator. Contributors included Tolman, Piaget, Gagne, and Bruner
Information Processing View
Is concerned with mental representations, schema, and mental operations
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Cognitivism in the Classroom
Taxonomies of learning outcomes
A focus on teaching sequences of skills from lowest to highest levels
Instructional Design
Determination of entry skills
Clear objectives
Aligned objectives, activities, assessments
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- Weakness - the learner learns a way to accomplish a task, but it may not be the best way, or suited to the learner or the situation.
- Strength - the goal is to train learners to do a task the same way to enable consistency.
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... which led to Constructivism
A more recent position that rejects the mechanistic elements of previous learning theories
Contributors included:
Dewey (Education is growth, not an end in itself; education occurs though it’s connection to real life)
Piaget (Children construct reality through four phases of development)
Vygotsky (Learning as a social process)
Bruner (Discovery Learning)
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Constructivism (cont)
Learning viewed as constructing one’s own understanding of the world
Teacher viewed as facilitator, rather than source, of expert knowledge
Emphasizes importance of “authentic, contextualized” learning experiences
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Constructivism in the Classroom
Teachers facilitate learning and collaboration in real-world environments
Stresses problem solving, creativity, and discovery
Focuses on developing products and presentations as evidence of learning
Uses “authentic assessment”
Encourages collaborative learning
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- Weakness - in a situation where conformity is essential divergent thinking and action may cause problems. Imagine the fun the IRS would have if every person decided to report their taxes in their own way
- Strength - because the learner is able to interpret multiple realities, the learner is better able to deal with real life situations.
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Integrating Electronic Tools and Learning Theories
“Integrating educational technology is the process of determining which electronic tools and which methods for implementing them are appropriate for given classroom situation and problems.”
- Roblyer, 2002
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What is Instructional Design?
“… the systematic and reflective process of translating principles of learning and instruction into plans for instructional materials, activities, information resources, and evaluation.”
- Smith & Ragan, 2005
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Instructional Design…
Instructional Designers use instructional models as a guide for creating instruction
Most ID models use instructional objectives as a main ingredient for designing instruction
In this course, we will use a simple ID model called “ADDIE” as a sample of how instructional designers create instruction
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ID for Standards-Based Education:
The ADDIE Model
Analysis
Design
Development
Implementation
Evaluation
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Analysis
Select the educational standards (instructional goals) for which you are developing instruction
Identify the relevant entry characteristics of the students
Generate performance objectives
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Design
Design an assessment that tests students on mastery of the performance objectives
Design instructional activities that allow students to practice the skills/knowledge related to the objectives
Select an instructional/teaching strategy
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Development
Develop instructional materials
Select instructional materials
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Implementation
Use the new instructional materials to teach the standards
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Evaluation
Determine if the instruction was effective in teaching the information related to the standard using post tests, user feedback, and observation
Adjust the instruction as necessary
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Using ADDIE in Project Planning
Analysis - start with a Sunshine State Standard
Design - ensure objectives, activities, and assessments are aligned
Evaluation - provide feedback as students work on activities
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References
Association for Educational Communications and Technology (2006). What is the Knowledge Base?
Retrieved October 27, 2006 from http://www.aect-members.org/standards/knowledgebase.html
Kearsley, Greg (2003). The Theories. Retrieved October 27, 2006 from http://tip.psychology.org/theories.html
Roblyer, M. D. (2002). Integrating Educational Technology Into Teaching (3rd ed.): Prentice Hall
Smith, P., & Ragan, T. (2005). Instructional Design (3rd ed.): John Wiley & Sons
