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Bio 143 Week 2 Outlines and Reflection Page 1 of 1

Your Name: Shanae Hampton

Bio143 Week 2 Outlines (10 pts) and Reflection (15 pts)

Chapter 3: Biological Molecules

Chapter 4: Cell Structure and Function

Outlines

Instructions: Write your outlines below. See the examples in Week 1 for formatting

Chapter 3 Biological Molecules (p32-51)

3.1Why is carbon so important in biological molecules? (p 33-34)

Organic, Inorganic, Biological Molecules

3.1a The bonding properties of carbon are key to the complexity of organic molecules.

3.1b Function groups attach to the carbon backbone of organic molecules.

Functional Groups

3.1c Functional groups are less stable than carbon back bones and attaches itself to the carbon

back bone.

Summary: Molecules have a diverse carbon atom that can form bonds with other molecules.

They have the ability to form many chains including helices, pleated sheets, and rings. Molecules

that contain carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen can be described as organic. Inorganic molecules

lack carbon atoms. These give cells the ability to obtain nutrients, eliminate waste, and

reproduce.

3.2 How are large biological molecules synthesized? (p 34-35)

Monomers, Polymers

3.2a Biological polymers are formed by the removal of water and broken down by the addition

of water.

Subunits: Monomers, Chains of Monomers: Polymers

3.2b Dehydration Synthesis is the process of removing water to form a monomer or polymer.

Dehydration synthesis, Hydrolysis

3.2c Hydrolysis is used to break down food within digestive enzymes.

Summary: Large biological molecules go through a process called dehydration synthesis which

adds water to the polymers while linking smaller monomer subunits. Atoms break them apart by

adding water or H20. The reverse reaction is hydrolysis which ultimately breaks the molecule

apart. There are four important molecules carbohydrates, lipid, proteins, and

nucleotides/nucleic acids.

3.3 What are Carbohydrates? (p.36-40)

Carbohydrates, Sugars, Monosaccharide, Disaccharide, Polysaccharide, Starch,

Glycogen, Cellulose, Chitin

3.3a Carbohydrates consist of one carbon molecule, two hydrogen molecules, and one oxygen

molecules

Sugars, Monosaccharide, Disaccharide

3.3b Monosaccharides: Glucose is the primary source of energy for cells

Fructose, Galactose, Ribose, Deoxyribose

3.3c Through the dehydration synthesis, monosaccharides link to form disaccharides or

polysaccharides

3.3d Polysaccharides are unable to dilute at body temperature but may go through the process of

hydrolysis when eating (saliva enzymes) starch

3.3e Glycogen is a short term energy storage molecule while cellulose makes up most of the

walls of the living cells in plants. Glycogen and Chitin in a polysaccharide.

Summary: Carbohydrates are the energy stores in plants and animals. They include sugars,

starches, cellulose, and chitin. The sugars are monosaccharides and disaccharides are used for

temporary storage of energies. Starches and glycogen are stored for long term energy.

3.4 What are Proteins? (p. 40-44)

Protein, Enzymes, Amino Acids, Disulfide Bonds, Peptide Bonds, Helix, Structures

3.4a Proteins are formed from chains of amino acids

3.4b A protein can have up to four levels of structure

3.4c Protein function is determined by protein structure

Summary: Proteins consist of amino acids called polypeptides. They have four levels of

structure. Their primary structure is the sequence of amino acids, the secondary structure

consists of helices or pleated sheets. These may fold to form a tertiary structure. Protein that has

two or more linked polypeptides have quaternary structure. Some proteins are parts of proteins

are disordered and lack a stable secondary or tertiary structure.

3.5 What are Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids? (p. 44-45)

Nucleotide, Base, Adenosine Triphosphate, Nucleic Acid, Deoxyribonucleic Acid

(DNA), Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)

3.5a Some nucleotides act as energy carriers or an intracellular messenger

3.5b DNA and RNA, the molecules of heredity, are nucleic acids

Summary: A nucleotide is a five-carbon sugar with a base that contains nitrogen. This is

composed of a phosphate group. Single nucleotides form molecules such as energy carrier

molecules (ATP) and messenger molecules (cyclic AMP). Chains of nucleotides are called

nucleic acids. DNA carries the hereditary blueprint while RNA is copied from DNA and directs

the synthesis of proteins.

3.6 What are Lipids? (p. 45-48

Lipids, Fatty Acids, Triglycerides, Fats, Oils, Saturated, Unsaturated, Waxes,

Steroids, Phospholipids

3.6a Oils, fats, and waxes, contain only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

3.6b Phospholipids have water soluble “heads” and water insoluble “tails”

3.6c Steroids contain four fused carbon rings

Summary: Lipids are molecules that are nonpolar and water insoluble. Fats, oils, waxes, and

phospholipids contain fatty acids. These are chains of carbon and hydrogen atoms with a

carboxylic acid group at its tail. Steroids contain four rings of carbon atoms with functional

groups attached. Lipids are used for energy storage

Chapter 4: Cell Structure and Function (p. 52-74)

4.1 What is Cell Theory?

Cell Theory

4.1a Every organism is made up of one or more cells

4.1b The smallest organisms are single cells, and cells are the functional units of multicellular

organisms

4.1c All cells arise from preexisting cells

Summary: The cell theory is that organisms and every living thing consist of one or more cells.

There are small cells that are single cells and are functional multicellular organisms. All cells

are preexisting cells.

4.2 What are the Basic Attributes of Cells?

Diffusion, Plasma Membrane, Cytoplasm, Cytosol, Cytoskeleton, DNA, RNA,

Ribosomes, Prokaryotic, Eukaryotic, Bacteria, Archaea

4.2a All cells share common features

4.2b There are two basic types of cells: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic

4.3 What are the Major Features of Prokaryotic Cells?

Cell Wall, Plasmids, Flagella, Nucleoid

4.3a Prokaryotic cells have specialized surface features

4.3b Prokaryotic cells have specialized cytoplasmic structures

Summary: Prokaryotic cells are less than 5 micrometers. Prokaryotic lack internal membrane of

enclosed structure. Prokaryotic makes up bacteria and archaea. Archaea can tolerate extreme

environments like a cow’s stomach. They have a special cell wall which has a stiff coating that

protects the prokaryotic cell. Bacteria secrete prokaryotic coatings that may cause disease.

4.4 What are the Major Features of Eukaryotic Cells?

Organelles, Extracellular Matrix (ECM), Microfilaments, Intermediate Filaments,

Microtubules, Cilia, Flagella, Basal Body, Centrioles, Nucleus

4.4a Extracellular structures surround animal and plant cells

4.4b The cytoskeleton provides shape, support, and movement

4.4c Cilia and flagella may move cells through fluid or move fluid past cells

4.4d The nucleus, containing DNA, is the control center of the eukaryotic cells

Nuclear Envelope, Nuclear Pore Complex, Chromatin, Chromosomes, Nucleolus,

Nucleoli

4.4e Eukaryotic cytoplasm contains membranes that compartmentalize the cell

Endomembrane System, Vesicles, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Golgi Apparatus, Food

Vacuole, Contractile Vacuoles, Central Vacuole

4.4f Mitochondria extract energy from food molecules and chloroplasts capture solar energy

Endosymbiont Hypothesis, Mitochondria, Chloroplasts, Chlorophyll

4.4g Plants use some plastids for storage

Summary: Eukaryotic cells have an internal cytoskeleton system of protein filaments that

transport and anchors organelles. These structures are fluid and move through or passed the

cell. DNA is in the nucleus. The genetic material is organized into strands called chromosomes.

Ribosomes, or RNA, are composed of proteins and are synthesis of cytoplasm. All eukaryotic

cells contain mitochondria which extract energy for food and store it. Photosynthetic cells of

plants capture solar energy. The chloroplasts and mitochondria originated from prokaryotic

cells.

Reflection

Instructions: Write your responses below in the green boxes.

NOTE: The green boxes will expand when you type to the end of them.

1. Questions. After reading Chapter 3 and 4, write one question from each chapter that you have about the information. Go to the Discussion Board for Week 2 and post one or both of your questions below.

Chapter 3 Question	Do you think that caffine in coffee is addicting?
Chapter 4 Question	What do you think would happen if your cells were to get larger?

2. Interesting Sections. Look at the Case Study, Science in Action, Health Watch, and Links to Everyday Life sections in each chapter. Pick ONLY one section from each chapter and in 3 sentences explain why that particular section was interesting to you.

	Why was this section interesting to you?
Chapter 3 Section	This section was good because the sweeteners was great to know because I see people consume that daily without knowing that it is a habit forming and that there is a possible weight gained from it.
Chapter 4 Section	The things the cow have was very interesting because it was showing us how the cows are done and what they go through and it hurts to know that we have cusumed them.

3. Design Perspective. Choose something in each chapter and explain in no more than 3 sentences how that information points to the designing work of a Creator. You will use these Design Perspective responses in your Critical Assignment, the Design Perspective Paper

	How does this information point to the designing work of a Creator?
Chapter 3	We were all created by god and the things we do and see we have to have faith and follow the path to be with our god. God knows the correct path that we will go through.
Chapter 4	God created us and there are a lot of people who do not know what they have in life and what God has done for them. God lives with us ever where we go he is there he has the last say so.

Now Submit this completed Outlines and Reflection Document to Blackboard to be graded.