Week 2 Questions - Cyber Crime

CYBER CRIME

Chapter 2 Lecture Notes

Objectives

● Explore a brief history of computer technology ● Familiarize student with some basic computer language ● Discuss the forms of Internet communication

Details:

History of Computers

● Computer: ○ Device used to ascertain an amount or number by calculation

or reckoning ○ Mechanism through which raw information (data) is processed

● First computer created by Chinese 800 yrs. ago ○ ABACUS: wooden frame device with rows of different colored

beads ○ Used for mathematical computations

● England (mid-19 th Century); Charles Babbage ○ Designed engine that received instructions from punch cards ○ Made calculations form memory bank ○ Printed out mathematical solutions

● America (late-19 th Century); Herman Hollerith (US government employee) ○ Created first device used exclusively for data processing ○ Used to tabulate 1890 Census for US ○ Later developed his own company-Tabulating Machine

Company, predecessor to IBM ● 20 th Century Computer Development Progress

○ Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC): first modern digital computer

■ Capabilities: binary arithmetic, parallel processing, separate memory, regenerative memory, basic computer functionality

● Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC); 1945 ● Used to calculate firing and bombing tables for US military (WWII) ● Colossus I (circa-1945): British designed for code-breaking of German

military ● Computer mainframe technology designed (1960’s-1970’s) ● Present Day: PC’s (originally contained operating systems: DOS & UNIX)

and graphical user interface platforms (Windows and Macintosh)

II.Computer Language

● Binary Language: structure of data which is processed through the computer

○ Bit: smallest piece of data-either positive or negative electrical state, 1 or 0

○ Byte: Comprised of 8 Bits; each byte represents a letter, number or character

■ Eight Bits=One Byte (letter-number-character) ■ Example: 01000001(bits)=A (byte)

● Kilobyte: 1,000 characters; One-half page of text ● Gigabyte: 1billion characters; Truck full of paper ● Computer Hardware (Input Devices): also categorized as output or

storage devices ○ Components that are physical in nature: modems,

keyboards,mouse,scanner ○ Mediums through which information is introduced into

computer

● Computer Software (Analyze): series of instructions performing particular tasks

○ Instructs computer components ■ What to do and how to interact with user

■ Three types: boot sequence-operating system-application software

■ Boot Sequence: series of steps before starting to use computer

■ Operating System: runs user applications and provides

interface to the hardware: Windows, Macintosh

● Application Software: prepackaged instructions allow users to perform various functions: word processing, statistical analysis, play games etc.

○ Programs: Establishes sequence of rules through which software operates

○ Source Code: Set of instructions written in a program ○ Object Code: What is actually executed by the computer

● Hacker Terminology ○ Back door: Deliberate hole in software or program to allow

unauthorized access ○ Cracker: Name given by traditional hackers to individuals who

violated secure systems for illegal purposes ○ DDoS attack: (Distributed Denial of Service attack ): Use of

multiple systems to inundate (flood) a single system, causing the target site to shut down

○ Logic bomb: Piece of code inserted into software program that performs a malicious function when programmed conditions are met

○ Phishing: Solicitation of information (personal, financial) via e-mail from a

fraudster posing as a legitimate firm for the purpose of stealing identifying data

○ Phreaking: Violating secure telephone systems and making illegal calls or transactions from the system

○ Trojan Horse: Harmless looking program that hides malicious content to damage targeted computer

III.History of Internet

● History: ● Initial conception grew out of government suspicion and social hysteria

around Cold War between US and Russia in 1950’s-1960’s

● Push to develop alternative communication systems that would operate if Nuclear attacks knocked out normal telecommunication systems

● Computer networks linked four Universities over phone lines ● Limited to written correspondence only (April 7, 1969-first

document-“start date for Internet”); no interactive sessions

● Network Language: ○ TCP/IP: (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol)

■ Suite of protocols that define the Internet ■ Method of communication between programs which

enables transfer of information ● IMAP: (Internet message Access Protocol)

○ Method of accessing electronic mail or bulletin board messages that are kept on a shared server

■ Examples: Access from home, work, notebook while traveling

○ Routers: Special-purpose software packages that handle the connection between two or more networks

○ Cookies: storage platforms for information ○ Domain Name System: Group of computers on a common

network defined by common IP addresses ■ Examples: com (commercial organization), edu

(educational institution), gov (government organization), org (non-profit organization), net (Internet access providers)

○ Cloud Computing: Delivers computing as a service; system involves a set of services, technologies and virtual resources

○ Examples: video sites (YouTube); communication tools (Skype)

○ Company software and application updates may be centrally uploaded thus negating maintenance and upkeep of individual computers

● Cyberworld: Three different levels of networked systems: Intranets, Internets, Internet

○ Intranets: ● Small local networks connecting computers within one organization ● Controlled by common system administrator ● internets:

○ Connect several networks ○ Usually located in small geographical area ○ Share common protocol (usually TCP/IP)

● The Internet: ○ Largest network in the world ○ TCI/IP-based network links millions of users globally across

more than 45,000 networks

1. INTERNET CATEGORIES ● World Wide Web: An electronic marketplace or arena where electronic

storefronts of businesses, civic groups, individuals and government entities display their products or ideologies

○ Each web site is characterized by its Uniform Resource Locator (URL)

○ Designs range from simple text-only sites to advanced video-audio configuration

● Bulletin Boards: Posting services similar to a community bulletin board in a library, transportation hub, schools, municipal buildings

○ Individuals can access software, post personal information, and exchange electronic mail

○ Very popular among subversive, terrorist groups, child pornographers (private areas for illegal communications)

○ Protected by First Amendment ○ Difficult for law Enforcement due to Jurisdictional Issues:

access in one county and board is physically located in another jurisdiction

● Internet Relay Chat (Chat Rooms)

○ On line discussions in chat rooms ○ Allow users to interact with several others at same time (party

line) ○ Characterized by topic ○ Users may choose to observe, participate in group

discussions or private ○ Topics range from harmless interests like sports, hobbies to

profane ■ Solicitations for sex very common in “teen rooms”

CYBER CRIME

Chapter 2 Lecture Notes

Objectives

● Explore a brief history of computer technology ● Familiarize student with some basic computer language ● Discuss the forms of Internet communication

Details:

History of Computers

● Computer: ○ Device used to ascertain an amount or number by calculation

or reckoning ○ Mechanism through which raw information (data) is processed

● First computer created by Chinese 800 yrs. ago ○ ABACUS: wooden frame device with rows of different colored

beads ○ Used for mathematical computations

● England (mid-19 th Century); Charles Babbage ○ Designed engine that received instructions from punch cards ○ Made calculations form memory bank ○ Printed out mathematical solutions

● America (late-19 th Century); Herman Hollerith (US government employee) ○ Created first device used exclusively for data processing ○ Used to tabulate 1890 Census for US

○ Later developed his own company-Tabulating Machine Company, predecessor to IBM

● 20 th Century Computer Development Progress ○ Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC): first modern digital

computer ■ Capabilities: binary arithmetic, parallel processing,

separate memory, regenerative memory, basic computer functionality

● Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC); 1945 ● Used to calculate firing and bombing tables for US military (WWII) ● Colossus I (circa-1945): British designed for code-breaking of German

military ● Computer mainframe technology designed (1960’s-1970’s) ● Present Day: PC’s (originally contained operating systems: DOS & UNIX)

and graphical user interface platforms (Windows and Macintosh)

II. Computer Language

● Binary Language: structure of data which is processed through the computer

○ Bit: smallest piece of data-either positive or negative electrical state, 1 or 0

○ Byte: Comprised of 8 Bits; each byte represents a letter, number or character

■ Eight Bits=One Byte (letter-number-character) ■ Example: 01000001(bits)=A (byte)

● Kilobyte: 1,000 characters; One-half page of text ● Gigabyte: 1billion characters; Truck full of paper ● Computer Hardware (Input Devices): also categorized as output or

storage devices ○ Components that are physical in nature: modems,

keyboards,mouse,scanner ○ Mediums through which information is introduced into

computer

● Computer Software (Analyze): series of instructions performing particular tasks

○ Instructs computer components ■ What to do and how to interact with user

■ Three types: boot sequence-operating system-application software

■ Boot Sequence: series of steps before starting to use computer

■ Operating System: runs user applications and provides interface to the hardware: Windows, Macintosh

● Application Software: prepackaged instructions allow users to perform various functions: word processing, statistical analysis, play games etc.

○ Programs: Establishes sequence of rules through which software operates

○ Source Code: Set of instructions written in a program ○ Object Code: What is actually executed by the computer

● Hacker Terminology ○ Back door: Deliberate hole in software or program to allow

unauthorized access ○ Cracker: Name given by traditional hackers to individuals who

violated secure systems for illegal purposes ○ DDoS attack: (Distributed Denial of Service attack ): Use of

multiple systems to inundate (flood) a single system, causing the target site to shut down

○ Logic bomb: Piece of code inserted into software program that performs a malicious function when programmed conditions are met

○ Phishing: Solicitation of information (personal, financial) via e-mail from a

fraudster posing as a legitimate firm for the purpose of stealing identifying data

○ Phreaking: Violating secure telephone systems and making illegal calls or transactions from the system

○ Trojan Horse: Harmless looking program that hides malicious content to damage targeted computer

III. History of Internet

● History: ● Initial conception grew out of government suspicion and social hysteria

around Cold War between US and Russia in 1950’s-1960’s ● Push to develop alternative communication systems that would operate

if Nuclear attacks knocked out normal telecommunication systems ● Computer networks linked four Universities over phone lines ● Limited to written correspondence only (April 7, 1969-first

document-“start date for Internet”); no interactive sessions

● Network Language: ○ TCP/IP: (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol)

■ Suite of protocols that define the Internet ■ Method of communication between programs which

enables transfer of information ● IMAP: (Internet message Access Protocol)

○ Method of accessing electronic mail or bulletin board messages that are kept on a shared server

■ Examples: Access from home, work, notebook while traveling

○ Routers: Special-purpose software packages that handle the connection between two or more networks

○ Cookies: storage platforms for information ○ Domain Name System: Group of computers on a common

network defined by common IP addresses ■ Examples: com (commercial organization), edu

(educational institution), gov (government organization), org (non-profit organization), net (Internet access providers)

○ Cloud Computing: Delivers computing as a service; system involves a set of services, technologies and virtual resources

○ Examples: video sites (YouTube); communication tools (Skype)

○ Company software and application updates may be centrally uploaded thus negating maintenance and upkeep of individual computers

● Cyberworld: Three different levels of networked systems: Intranets, Internets, Internet

○ Intranets: ● Small local networks connecting computers within one organization ● Controlled by common system administrator ● internets:

○ Connect several networks ○ Usually located in small geographical area ○ Share common protocol (usually TCP/IP)

● The Internet: ○ Largest network in the world ○ TCI/IP-based network links millions of users globally across

more than 45,000 networks

1. INTERNET CATEGORIES ● World Wide Web: An electronic marketplace or arena where electronic

storefronts of businesses, civic groups, individuals and government entities display their products or ideologies

○ Each web site is characterized by its Uniform Resource Locator (URL)

○ Designs range from simple text-only sites to advanced video-audio configuration

● Bulletin Boards: Posting services similar to a community bulletin board in a library, transportation hub, schools, municipal buildings

○ Individuals can access software, post personal information, and exchange electronic mail

○ Very popular among subversive, terrorist groups, child pornographers (private areas for illegal communications)

○ Protected by First Amendment ○ Difficult for law Enforcement due to Jurisdictional Issues:

access in one county and board is physically located in another jurisdiction

● Internet Relay Chat (Chat Rooms) ○ On line discussions in chat rooms ○ Allow users to interact with several others at same time (party

line) ○ Characterized by topic ○ Users may choose to observe, participate in group

discussions or private ○ Topics range from harmless interests like sports, hobbies to

profane ■ Solicitations for sex very common in “teen rooms”