Tutorial Task 1 & Task 2
Haq_1
Week2lecture.pptx.pptxThe Role of the Systems Analyst: Online Chapter A
Introduction to Project Planning and Project Management: Chapter11
SBM4201 System Analysis and Design
Bahareh Berenjforoush
Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 7th Edition - Online Chapter A
Outline
The Analyst as a Business Problem Solver
Systems That Solve Business Problems
Required Skills of the Systems Analyst
Analysis-Related Careers
Principles of Project Management
Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 7th Edition - Online Chapter A
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Overview
People today are attracted to information systems careers because information technology (IT) can have a dramatic impact on productivity and profits
It is the people who develop information system solutions that harness the power of the technology that makes these benefits possible
The key to successful system development is thorough systems analysis and design to understand what the business requires from the information system
Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 7th Edition - Online Chapter A
Overview (continued)
Systems analysis – the process of understanding and specifying in detail what the information system should accomplish
Systems design – the process of specifying in detail how the many components of the information system should be physically implemented
Systems analyst –a business professional who uses analysis and design techniques to solve business problems by using information technology
This text is about the tools and techniques used by a systems analyst to develop information systems
Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 7th Edition - Online Chapter A
Problems to be Solved
Need: customers want to order products any time of the day or night. Problem: how to process those orders around the clock without adding to the selling cost?
Need: production needs to plan very carefully the amount of each type of product to produce each week.
Problem: how to estimate the dozens of parameters that affect production and allow planners to explore different scenarios before committing to a specific plan?
Need: suppliers want to minimize their inventory holding costs by shipping parts used in the manufacturing process in smaller daily batches.
Problem: how to order in smaller lots and accept daily shipments to take advantage of supplier discounts?
Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 7th Edition - Online Chapter A
Analyst’s Approach to Problem Solving
Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 7th Edition - Online Chapter A
Systems Concepts
System – a collection of interrelated components that function together to achieve some outcome
Information system – a collection of interrelated components that collect, process, store, and provide as output the information needed to complete business tasks
Subsystem – a system that is part of a larger system
Functional decomposition – dividing a system into components based on subsystems that are further divided into smaller subsystems
System boundary – the separation between a system and its environment that inputs and outputs must cross
Automation boundary – the separation between the automated part of a system and the manual part of a system
Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 7th Edition - Online Chapter A
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Systems Concepts
Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 7th Edition - Online Chapter A
System Components
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Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 7th Edition - Online Chapter A
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Types of Information Systems
Customer relationship management (CRM) system – a system that supports marketing, sales, and service operations involving direct and indirect customer interaction
Supply chain management (SCM) system – a system that seamlessly integrates product development, product acquisition, manufacturing, and inventory management
Accounting and financial management (AFM) system – a system that records accounting information needed to produce financial statements and other reports used by investors and creditors
Human resource management (HRM) system – a system that supports such employee-related tasks as payroll, benefits, hiring, and training
Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 7th Edition - Online Chapter A
Types of Information Systems
Manufacturing management system – a system that controls internal production processes that turn raw materials into finished goods
Knowledge management system (KMS) – a system that supports the storage of and access to documents from all parts of the organization
Collaboration support system (CSS) – a system that enables geographically distributed personnel to collaborate on projects and tasks
Business intelligence system – a system that supports strategic planning and executive decision making
Enterprise resource planning (ERP) – a process in which an organization commits to using an integrated set of software packages for key information systems
Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 7th Edition - Online Chapter A
Types of Information Systems
Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 7th Edition - Online Chapter A
Knowledge and Skills Required of a systems analyst
Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 7th Edition - Online Chapter A
Knowledge and Skills Tools and techniques
Tools – a software application that assists developers in creating models or other components required for a project
Techniques –strategies for completing specific system development activities
Project planning techniques
Cost/benefit analysis techniques
Interviewing techniques
Requirements modeling techniques
Architectural design techniques
Network configuration techniques
Database design techniques
Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 7th Edition - Online Chapter A
Technical Knowledge and Skills
Computers and how they work
File, database, and storage hardware and software
Input and output hardware and software
Computer networks and protocols
Programming languages, operating systems, and utilities
Communication and collaboration technology such as digital telephones, videoconferencing, and Web-based document management systems
Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 7th Edition - Online Chapter A
Business Knowledge and Skills
What business functions do organizations perform?
How are organizations structured?
How are organizations managed?
What type of work goes on in organizations (finance, manufacturing, marketing, customer service, etc)?
What the specific organization does
What makes it successful
What its strategies and plans are
What its traditions and values are
Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 7th Edition - Online Chapter A
People Knowledge and Skills
Interpersonal skills are perhaps the analyst’s most important skills because analysts rely on others, including managers, users, programmers, technical specialists, customers, and vendors, to take a system from initial idea to final implementation
The analyst must develop rapport with users who may be resistant to change, negotiate with management for such resources as budget, time, and personnel, and manage development personnel with many different skills, capabilities, and attitudes
The analyst must be an effective teacher, mentor, confidant, collaborator, manager, and leader, shifting easily among those roles many times over the course of a typical work day
Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 7th Edition - Online Chapter A
Analysis Related Careers
Employment in the fields of information systems and computer technology spans a wide variety of skills, organizations, and roles
In-house development, including analysis and design, is especially common in security-sensitive industries, national defense, and research and development in national laboratories
Many software development jobs have shifted to companies that produce and sell ERP and package software
Changes in software development, technology, and business practices have created many new career opportunities for analysts, including sales and support of ERP software; business analysts for user organizations; auditing, compliance, and security; and Web development
Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 7th Edition - Online Chapter A
Part II- Project Planning and Project Management: Overview
You should be asking yourself:
“How are all these activities coordinated?”
“How do I know which tasks to do first?”
“How is the work assigned to the different teams and team members?”
“How do I know which parts of the new system should be developed first?”
Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 7th Edition - Chapter 11
Principles of Project Management: The Need for Project Management
Categories of project success
Successful projects – on time, within budget, on scope
Challenged projects – failure in one area
Failed projects – cancelled or not used
Recent years have seen some improvement, but still 1/3 to 1/2 of projects are challenged or fail
Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 7th Edition - Chapter 11
The Need for Project Management
Reasons for failure
Undefined project management practices
Poor IT management and poor IT procedures
Inadequate executive support for the project
Inexperienced project managers
Unclear business needs and project objectives
Inadequate user involvement
Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 7th Edition - Chapter 11
The Role of the Project Manager
Project Management
Organizing and directing other people to achieve a planned result within a predetermined schedule and budget
The processes used to plan the project and then to monitor and control it.
Project Manager
Great need for effective project managers
Internally managing people and resources
Externally conducting public relations
Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 7th Edition - Chapter 11
Project Manager Responsibilities
Internal Responsibilities
Developing the project schedule
Recruiting and training team members
Assigning work to teams and team members
Assessing project risks
Monitoring and controlling project deliverables and milestones
External Responsibilities
Reporting the project’s status and progress
Working directly with the client (the project’s sponsor) and other stakeholders
Identifying resource needs and obtaining resources
Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 7th Edition - Chapter 11
Additional Project Stakeholders
Client
the person or group that funds the project
Oversight Committee
clients and key managers who review the progress and direct the project
Users
the person or group of people who will use the new system
Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 7th Edition - Chapter 11
Project Manager & Project Stakeholders
Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 7th Edition - Chapter 11
Project Management and Ceremony
Ceremony
The level of formality of a project; the rigor of holding meetings and producing documentation
High Ceremony
Meetings are often held on a predefined schedule, with specific participants, agendas, minutes, and follow-through
Specifications are formally documented with an abundance of diagrams and documentation and are frequently verified through formal review meetings between developers and users.
Low Ceremony
Meetings occur in the hallway or around the water cooler.
Written documentation, formal specifications, and detailed models are kept to a minimum
Developers and users usually work closely together on a daily basis to define requirements and develop the system
Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 7th Edition - Chapter 11
Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK)
PMPOK is organized into 10 knowledge areas:
Project Integration Management—Integrating all the other knowledge areas into one seamless whole
Project Scope Management—Defining and controlling the functions that are to be included in the system as well as the scope of the work to be done by the project team
Project Time Management—Creating a detailed schedule of all project tasks and then monitoring the progress of the project against defined milestones
Project Cost Management—Calculating the initial cost/benefit analysis and its later updates and monitoring expenditures as the project progresses
Project Quality Management—Establishing a comprehensive plan for ensuring quality, which includes quality control activities for every phase of a project
Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 7th Edition - Chapter 11
Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK)
Project Human Resource Management—Recruiting and hiring project team members; training, motivating, and team building; and implementing related activities to ensure a happy, productive team
Project Communications Management—Identifying all stakeholders and the key communications to each; also establishing all communications mechanisms and schedules
Project Risk Management—Identifying and reviewing throughout the project all potential risks for failure and developing plans to reduce these risks
Project Procurement Management—Developing requests for proposals, evaluating bids, writing contracts, and then monitoring vendor performance
Project Stakeholder Management—Identifying and communicating with the stakeholders of the new system
Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 7th Edition - Chapter 11
“Agile” Project Management
Agile Scope Management
Scope is not well understood, but needs to be controlled
Agile Time Management
Schedule must be flexible due to changes
Agile Cost Management
Costs are more difficult to estimate
Agile Risk Management
Higher risk aspects of project are completed first
Agile Quality Management
Quality assessed after each iteration
Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 7th Edition - Chapter 11
Agile Scope Management
Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 7th Edition - Chapter 11
Summary
A system’s analyst is someone who solves business problems by using information systems technology
Problem solving means looking into the problem in great detail, understanding everything about the problem, generating several alternatives for solving the problem, and then picking the best solution.
Information systems are usually part of the solution, and information systems development is much more than writing programs
A system is a collection of interrelated components that function together to achieve some outcome
Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 7th Edition - Online Chapter A
Summary (continued)
Information systems components can be thought of as subsystems that interact or as hardware, software, inputs, outputs, data, people, and procedures
Many different types of systems solve organizational problems, including customer relationship management systems, supply chain management systems, human resource management systems, manufacturing management systems, accounting and financial management systems
A systems analyst needs broad knowledge and a variety of skills, including technical, business, and people knowledge and skills
Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 7th Edition - Online Chapter A
Summary (continued)
Systems analysis and design work is done by people with a variety of job titles—not only systems analyst but programmer analyst, systems consultant, systems engineer, and Web developer, among others
Analysts also work for consulting firms, as independent contractors, and for companies that produce software packages
Project management is an important and challenging career role. Information systems projects do not have a great success rate, and project management knowledge and skills are valued and needed to improve this record.
Project management is directing other people to achieve a planned result on schedule and on budget. Project managers have internal and external responsibilities.
Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 7th Edition - Online Chapter A and Chapter11
Summary
Project managers work with clients, who fund the project, an oversight committee which approves and reviews progress, and users who will directly interact with the system.
The discipline of project management is organized into the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK) that includes nine knowledge areas. Project managers should study and digest this body of knowledge.
Managing a project can be at a high or low level of ceremony, meaning the degree that the project management processes are formal and documented. Agile project management is usually used with adaptive life cycles and low ceremony.
Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 7th Edition - Chapter11
References
Satzinger .J, Jackson. R & Burd. S, 2016, Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing 7th edn, Cengage, Australia.
