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Week2_Part2-Globalization.pptx

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http://wcr.unhabitat.org/main-report/

Learning Objectives

Describe major characteristics of global urbanization (e.g., extent, speed, physical forms) and how the process unfolds differently in developing and developed countries.

Explain how the world's city-regions are increasingly interlinked (socially, economically, culturally, technically, ecologically); and how this poses new challenges for urban and regional planning.

Identify four key features of globalization regardless of political standpoint

Grasp the orders of magnitude of global population growth, how many people, where (urban, rural proportions)

Describe the paradigm shift in urban and environmental planning (from D-->E, to E-->D) and origins of sustainability thinking

“Some city-regions increasingly act like quasi city-states, even to the point of engaging in diplomatic relations with other cities and states in ways that by-pass their own national governments. Along with the expanding scale and increased autonomy of city-regions, have come many experiments with new forms of regional governance” (Friedmann 2002).

Global Urbanization and the Rise of City-Regions

Published online 20 October 2010 | Nature 467, 900-901 (2010) | doi:10.1038/467900a

News Feature Cities: The century of the city

http://www.nature.com/news/2010/101020/full/467900a.html

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megaregions_of_the_United_States

UN report: World's biggest cities merging into 'mega-regions'

Trend towards 'endless cities' could significantly affect population and wealth in the next 50 years

http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/mar/22/un-cities-mega-regions

Published online 20 October 2010 | Nature 467, 900-901 (2010) | doi:10.1038/467900a

News Feature Cities: The century of the city

http://www.nature.com/news/2010/101020/full/467900a.html

Mega-Regions of Europe

http://www.creativeclass.com/_v3/whos_your_city/maps/widget_instructions.php

Published online 20 October 2010 | Nature 467, 900-901 (2010) | doi:10.1038/467900a

News Feature Cities: The century of the city

http://www.nature.com/news/2010/101020/full/467900a.html

Mega-Regions of Asia

http://www.creativeclass.com/_v3/whos_your_city/maps/widget_instructions.php

Published online 20 October 2010 | Nature 467, 900-901 (2010) | doi:10.1038/467900a

News Feature Cities: The century of the city

http://www.nature.com/news/2010/101020/full/467900a.html

Published online 20 October 2010 | Nature 467, 900-901 (2010) | doi:10.1038/467900a

News Feature Cities: The century of the city

http://www.nature.com/news/2010/101020/full/467900a.html

Define Globalization?

How does Globalization impact you now?

How might Globalization impact you in the future?

Globalization

There are many definitions of globalization. Andrew Hurrell's definition of globalization will suffice for our purposes in USP2: "Globalization is about the universal process or set of processes which generate a multiplicity of linkages and interconnections which transcend the states and societies which make up the modern world system. It involves a dramatic increase in the density and depth of economic, ecological, and societal interdependence, with ‘density’ referring to the increased number, range, and scope of cross-border transactions; and ‘depth’ to the degree to which that interdependence affects, and is affected by, the ways in which societies are organized domestically."

Source: Andrew Hurrell "globalization" The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics. Ed. Iain McLean and Alistair McMillan. Oxford University Press, 2003. Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press. CDL UC San Diego. 11 Jan. 2004 <http://www.oxfordreference.com/views/ENTRY.html?subview=Main&entry=t86.e554>

Globalization is dynamic. Over the past 200 years, periods of rapid growth as well as periods of decline, crisis and restructuring across micro, meso and macro scales have characterized world development.

Four Features of Globalization

This list is an expanded version of what R.B.J. Walker (1988) spells out in his book: One World, Many Worlds: Struggles for a Just World Peace.

Globalization is increasingly international in that we see a deepening functional integration of the world economy, along with rising international flows of people, culture, information, social and human capital.

Four Features of Globalization

This list is an expanded version of what R.B.J. Walker (1988) spells out in his book: One World, Many Worlds: Struggles for a Just World Peace.

Globalization is an uneven. The costs and benefits of development are unequally distributed.

Four Features of Globalization

This list is an expanded version of what R.B.J. Walker (1988) spells out in his book: One World, Many Worlds: Struggles for a Just World Peace.

Globalization is an increasingly ecologically interdependent process as well as a socio-economic and political process. As the world's growing economy draws more and more of the earth's total ecosystem into itself, concern about the sustainability of planetary economic-ecological transactions is rising.

Four Features of Globalization

This list is an expanded version of what R.B.J. Walker (1988) spells out in his book: One World, Many Worlds: Struggles for a Just World Peace.

Globalization is an uneven. The costs and benefits of development are unequally distributed.

Four Features of Globalization

This list is an expanded version of what R.B.J. Walker (1988) spells out in his book: One World, Many Worlds: Struggles for a Just World Peace.

1. Globalization is dynamic. Over the past 200 years, periods of rapid growth as well as periods of decline, crisis and restructuring across micro, meso and macro scales have characterized world development.

2030s/40s

2000, 10, 20

What goes in this box? Fill it in

2. Globalization is increasingly international in that we see a deepening functional integration of the world economy, along with rising international flows of people, culture, information, social and human capital.

Internet traffic flows

Flat map: The data being visualized is Internet traffic flows between fifty countries, as measured by the NSFNET backbone in 1993. The colour, thickness and height of the arcs is used to encode the traffic statistics for particular inter-country links. The arcs are also partially translucent so as not to completely obscure lines at the back of the map, while their height above the base map is in relation to total volume of traffic flowing over a link. This has the effect of making the most important (high traffic) links, the highest and therefore most visually prominent on the map.

Globe: This image shows the interface of Ride the Byte, a virtual reality installation for exploring how Internet traffic is routed across the globe. The installation was created by Art+Com and first exhibited in the Wired Worlds gallery at the National Museum of Photography, Film and Television in the UK.

http://www.cybergeography.org/atlas/geographic.html

Global Planning Initiative

Click to edit Master text styles

Second level

Third level

Fourth level

Fifth level

Association of African Planning Schools (AAPS)

Association of Collegiate Schools of Planning [USA] (ACSP)

Association of Canadian University Planning Programs (ACUPP)

Association of European Schools of Planning (AESOP)

Latin American Association of Schools of Urbanism and Planning (ALEUP)

National Association of Urban and Regional Post-graduate and Research Programs [Brazil] (ANPUR)

Australia and New Zealand Association of Planning Schools (ANZAPS)

Association for the Development of Planning Education and Research (APERAU)

Asian Planning Schools Association (APSA)

Co-Sponsored by The Global Action Research Center (The Global ARC) and

The Global Planning Educators Interest Group (GPEIG) of the Association of Collegiate Schools of Planning (ACSP)

BACKGROUND

The 2011 World Planning Schools Congress (WPSC) in Perth, Western Australia is the third WPSC event to be held in a decade. It builds on the success of the 2001 and 2006 Congresses in Shanghai and Mexico City. The 2011 WPSC includes over 800 participants from 68 countries. It is an initiative of the Global Planning Education Association Network (GPEAN). GPEAN is the leading international congress for urban planning educators and university sector researchers; it is a convergence of civically-engaged scholars from nine regional associations of planning schools.

The WPSC is organized into 20 Tracks including one on Multinational and Crossborder Planning (i.e., Track 14, co-chaired by Keith Pezzoli, Andreas Faludi, and Mark Oranje). Track 14 focuses on how planners and allied partners are reaching across nations and borders to tackle urban, rural and regional development challenges in our increasingly globalized and interconnected world. Mounting problems of unsustainable development, complicated by global climate change and the wholesale degradation of planetary ecosystems, make it increasingly difficult to meet demands for food, water, energy and other basic needs. To bring about development that is more just, healthy and sustainable requires broad-based collaboration among nation states as well as sub-national units such as city-regions. Track 14 features work on institutional and action-oriented approaches that involve trans-border networking. The Roundtable described here is part of Track 14.

3. Globalization is an uneven. The costs and benefits of development are unequally distributed.

Uneven Development (inequality)

Inequality

Nobel laureate Joseph Stiglitz highlights increasing inequality in the US “For thirty years after World War II, America grew together— with growth in income in every segment, but

with those at the bottom growing faster than those at the top…But for the past thirty years, we’ve become increasingly a nation divided; not only has the top been growing the fastest, but the bottom has actually been declining.” p. 18 from World Cities Report 2016

Favela Paraisopolis Overview , Sao Paulo Oct 2011, photo by Roberto Torocco: see http://www.flickr.com/photos/robertorocco/6256110672/

Favela Paraisopolis Overview 6 Sao Paulo Oct 2011

http://www.flickr.com/photos/robertorocco/6256110672/

The ultimate commute, from Graham, Stephen and Simon Marvin. 2001. Splintering urbanism : networked infrastructures, technological mobilities and the urban condition. London ; New York: Routledge. (pp. 5-6)

Driven by fear of carjacking and the inexorable gridlock of the city’s streets -- a city with 8500 murders a year, a rate 10 times that of New York –the most privileged residents of the Brazilian mega-city of São Paulo have discovered the ultimate means to escape the constraints of the highway, in their journeys around the city: a personal helicopter. At over 400 and increasing rapidly, the New York Times reports, São Paulo’s personal helicopter fleet is the fastest-growing in the world, a powerful symbol of the almost surreal extremes of wealth and poverty in the city.

“Why settle for an armored BMW when you can afford a helicopter?” Asks Eric Watson, a local dealer. At the same time 3.7 million daily users of the cities 10,400 buses face tightening delays, pollution and violence amidst a chaotic, collapsing public transport system and heightening risks of violence.

Favelas of Rio de Janeiro adjacent to wealthy neighbourhoods http://www.mole.my/content/mail-finally-arrives-rio-favela.

http://www.mole.my/content/mail-finally-arrives-rio-favela

Favelas in Rio de Janeiro

Source: Earth from Above. a collection of aerial photography produced by Yann Arthus-Bertrand

"Earth From Above" is the result of the aerial photographer Yann Arthus-Bertrand's five-year airborne odyssey across six continents. It's a spectacular presentation of large scale photographs of astonishing natural landscapes. Every stunning aerial photograph tells a story about our changing planet. See: http://justpaste.it/3ky

Urban encroachment of human settlements into Mexico City’s ecological reserve

Federal Funding: State and Local Control Access to State and Local Data

In China, urbanization occasioned by massive economic growth helped pull 680 million people out of extreme poverty between 1981 and 2010, and reduce the rate of extreme poverty from 84 per cent in 1980 to 10 per cent in 2013.

Ch. 1.6: World Cities Report

In India, urban-rural economic linkages were responsible for 13-25% the overall reduction in rural poverty between 1983 and 1999. Source: Calì, 2013.

4. Globalization is an increasingly ecologically interdependent process as well as a socio-economic and political process. As the world's growing economy draws more and more of the earth's total ecosystem into itself, concern about the sustainability of planetary economic-ecological transactions is rising.

Rapid urban-demographic growth and resource-intensive industrialism have become large-scale biogeophysical forces on earth.

Scientists: We've Entered a New Epoch, the Anthropocene

Our Ecological Footprint

Scientists: We've Entered a New Epoch, the Anthropocene

Currently, the worldwide geological community is formally considering whether the Anthropocene should join the Jurassic, Cambrian and other more familiar units on the Geological Time Scale.

Anthropocene: A new geological time interval (New Man Epoch) where human beings become a force of nature altering earth systems on a planetary scale. .

Dawn of the Anthropocene Epoch? Earth Has Entered New Age of Geological Time, Experts Say

Scientists contend that recent human activity, including stunning population growth, sprawling megacities and increased use of fossil fuels, have changed the planet to such an extent that we are entering what they call the Anthropocene (New Man) Epoch. (Credit: iStockphoto)

ScienceDaily (Mar. 26, 2010) — Geologists from the University of Leicester are among four scientists- including a Nobel prize-winner -- who suggest that Earth has entered a new age of geological time.

The Age of Aquarius? Not quite -- It's the Anthropocene Epoch, say the scientists writing in the journal Environmental Science & Technology.

And they add that the dawning of this new epoch may include the sixth largest mass extinction in Earth's history.

Jan Zalasiewicz and Mark Williams from the University of Leicester Department of Geology; Will Steffen, Director of the Australian National University's Climate Change Institute and Paul Crutzen the Nobel Prize-winning atmospheric chemist of Mainz University provide evidence for the scale of global change in their commentary in the American Chemical Society's' bi-weekly journal Environmental Science & Technology.

The scientists propose that, in just two centuries, humans have wrought such vast and unprecedented changes to our world that we actually might be ushering in a new geological time interval, and alter the planet for millions of years.

Zalasiewicz, Williams, Steffen and Crutzen contend that recent human activity, including stunning population growth, sprawling megacities and increased use of fossil fuels, have changed the planet to such an extent that we are entering what they call the Anthropocene (New Man) Epoch. First proposed by Crutzen more than a decade ago, the term Anthropocene has provoked controversy. However, as more potential consequences of human activity -- such as global climate change and sharp increases in plant and animal extinctions -- have emerged, Crutzen's term has gained support. Currently, the worldwide geological community is formally considering whether the Anthropocene should join the Jurassic, Cambrian and other more familiar units on the Geological Time Scale.

http://www.economist.com/node/18741749

Between 1950 and 2005,the level of urbanization increased from 29% to 49%, while global carbon emissions from fossil fuel burning increased by almost 500%

Ch. 1.6: World Cities Report

Cities and Climate Change

Scientists have reported that 2015 was the hottest year in history by wide margin, as average temperature for the year was 0.75°C warmer than the global average.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keeling_Curve#/media/File:Keeling_Curve_full_record.png

Many governments throughout the world have agreed that global warming should be limited to no more than 2º C (3.6º F) above the average pre-industrial temperatures of the 1800s. A recent authoritative report concluded that a level of CO2 between 370 and 540 ppm has a 66 percent probability of keeping the world within this 2º C limit on warming, with a best estimate of 430 ppm.

KEELING CURVE HISTORY, NOW WHAT?, MAY 20, 2013

– Lisa Welp is an assistant project scientist in the Scripps CO2 Research Group

– Ralph Keeling

So we’ve reached 400 ppm.… Now what happens?

In May 2013, for the first time since accurate measurements of atmospheric carbon dioxide amounts began in 1958, a daily value of 400 parts per million (ppm) was observed at Mauna Loa in Hawaii, the site of the longest continuous observational CO2 record. The Keeling Curve, the famous graph of monthly average CO2 values established at Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UC San Diego, soon will decline as it does every summer but next year it will rise higher still. The annual growth rate of the Keeling Curve has been roughly 2 ppm every year averaged over the last decade, and that growth rate gets faster as well every decade because human emissions of CO2 each year have been more than the previous 10-year span. At this pace, we will reach 450 ppm well before year 2038.

Is it dangerous for CO2 levels to be this high?

We know that excess CO2 is contributing to the human-caused increase in the greenhouse effect and is thus warming the planet. There is some uncertainty as to just how much warming would be associated with any given amount of atmospheric CO2, and there is considerable subjectivity in deciding what level of warming should be considered dangerous. Many governments throughout the world have agreed that global warming should be limited to no more than 2º C (3.6º F) above the average pre-industrial temperatures of the 1800s. A recent authoritative report concluded that a level of CO2 between 370 and 540 ppm has a 66 percent probability of keeping the world within this 2º C limit on warming, with a best estimate of 430 ppm. There is also a time lag for the global temperature to catch up with the CO2 that humans have already added to the atmosphere, so temperatures will continue to rise for many years after the atmospheric CO2 amount is stabilized. Plus, we aren’t sure that limiting warming to 2°C is “safe,” at least not for everyone on the planet.

What would it take to stop the Keeling Curve from going up further?

It is a well-established fact that atmospheric CO2 is rising at roughly 55 percent of the rate expected from fossil-fuel emissions. From this fact, we know that to stop CO2 in its tracks at 400ppm, we’d need to cut fossil-fuel emissions immediately by 55 percent. At that point, the remaining emissions would be exactly counteracted by natural “sinks” that are removing CO2 from the atmosphere. The main sinks are the oceans, which absorb CO2 as it dissolves in seawater, and land plants, which convert the carbon in CO2 into relatively long-lived storage pools such as wood or soil organic matter. These sinks are acting like a sponge that is soaking up some of the extra CO2. Over time these sinks would slowly saturate as they come into balance with the 400 ppm in the air, and additional cuts would then be needed to match the decreasing sink capacities. By 2060, we’d have to cut emissions to below 20 percent of current levels.

An immediate cut in fossil-fuel emissions by 55 percent is clearly not even remotely possible, so CO2 will continue its relentless rise. Keeping CO2 below 450 ppm will also be very difficult, as this will require immediately leveling off of fossil fuel emissions and then cutting emissions to below 30 percent of present levels over the next 50 years or so. If nothing is done to reduce the dependence on fossil fuels, CO2 could keep rising for centuries, depending on the amount of coal, natural gas, oil, and any new forms of fossil fuels that are extractable. By some estimates, the ultimate resource of fossil fuels may be large enough that CO2 will rise as high as 1,600 ppm before fossil fuels are fully depleted. This would be sufficient to cause the world to warm between 4 to 10° C (7 to 18° F) with unimaginable consequences.

– Lisa Welp is an assistant project scientist in the Scripps CO2 Research Group

– Ralph Keeling is a professor of geochemistry and leads the Scripps CO2 Research Group

https://scripps.ucsd.edu/programs/keelingcurve/2013/05/20/now-what/#more-741

Floods were the most common type of natural disaster affecting cities, followed by droughts and cyclones. These three types of disaster were also the most devastating for city dwellers globally in terms of the mortality and economic losses they caused.

The World’s Cities in 2016, p. 9

A majority of city dwellers live in cities that face high risk of disaster related mortality or economic losses

Some 82 per cent of cities—home to 1.9 billion people in 2014—were located in areas that faced high risk of mortality associated with natural disasters. Similarly, 89 per cent of cities—home to 2.1 billion people in 2014—were located in areas that were highly vulnerable to economic losses associated with at least one of the six types of natural disaster. On average, cities in the less developed regions were at higher risk of exposure to natural disasters and were more vulnerable to disaster-related economic losses and mortality than those in the more developed regions. Moreover, larger cities tended to be at higher risk of exposure to disasters and more vulnerable to disaster-related economic losses and mortality compared to smaller cities. Floods were the most common type of natural disaster affecting cities, followed by droughts and cyclones. These three types of disaster were also the most devastating for city dwellers globally in terms of the mortality and economic losses they caused.

Globalization is an uneven. The costs and benefits of development are unequally distributed.

Four Features of Globalization

This list is an expanded version of what R.B.J. Walker (1988) spells out in his book: One World, Many Worlds: Struggles for a Just World Peace.

Define Globalization?

How does Globalization impact you now?

How might Globalization impact you in the future?

Climate Change	Impacts on precipitation and the supply/distribution of fresh water, rising heat and more intense urban heat island temputures Impacts on sea level rise and the frequency/magnitude of extreme weather events
Energy	Unpredictability and volatility in global energy supplies and markets Inter-city and international cooperation in energy supply systems and management of energy impacts.
Pollution	Transnational/transborder pollution caused by acid rain, fires, dust clouds from changes in agricultural practices, urban-industrial emissions, warfare, and flows of hazardous wastes (including e-waste from ICT)
Natural Capital and Environmental Services	Degradation of planetary ecosystems that provide sources and sinks for human activity Risks and economic costs associated with invasive species and loss of biodiversity worldwide
Economy	Hyper-mobility of capital and shifting patterns of investment and disinvestment Local economic development where cities are dependent on regions and nations. Effects of international trade on producers and consumers

Global Issue Transborder impacts and concerns

Disease	Globalization of disease vectors through international air travel and shipping that co-mingles flows of people, animals, plants and other organisms worldwide. This raises concerns about possible new pandemics, and the spread of wicked maladies including malaria, Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), avian influenza virus, Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE, aka mad cow disease), and other public health threats that have spread globally.
Disasters	Large-scale natural disasters (earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions, hurricanes, floods) and the need for defensive expenditures. Changing patterns of human settlement and poverty greatly exacerbate the impacts of catastrophic disasters.
Agriculture	Stresses on global agri-business and concerns about the globalization of genetically modified crops
Migration and Climigration	Transnational human migration and multicultural, political, and economic challenges. People forced out of low lying coastal zones, and off islands, due to climate change (climigration)

Global Issue Transborder impacts and concerns

What does the UN-Habitat World Cities Report (2016) say about all of this from an urban perspective?

The current urbanization model is unsustainable in many respects.

The pattern of urbanization needs to change in order to better respond to the challenges of our time, to address issues such as inequality, climate change, informality, insecurity, and the unsustainable forms of urban expansion.

There are new forms of collaboration and cooperation, planning, governance, finance and learning that can sustain positive change.

The World Cities Report claims that:

Ch. 2: World Cities Report

Resilience of cities. The risks that cities are now facing as a result of climate change and natural disasters (Chapters 1 and 5), the pressing short-falls in urban water, sanitation and waste management services, and the deteriorating quality of air and water, are being experienced in the context of their rapid growth. A growing international focus on resilience is a core agenda item for cities today.

The increase in severe weather events and natural disasters has highlighted the need for cities to augment their ability to withstand the disaster risks they may face, and to mitigate and respond to such risks in ways that minimize the impact of severe weather events and natural disasters on the social, environmental, and economic infrastructure of the city. Consequently, city leaders have been making significant transformative changes and investments in the resilience of their cities. (p. 41)

2.4 The Transformative Power of Connected Cities

Over the last two decades, the transformative power of urbanization has, in part, been facilitated by the rapid deployment of Information and Communications Technology (ICT), and by a revolution in city data to inform decision-making and propel a global movement to smart cities. This has been accompanied by deeper connectivity and networking of cities and citizens at both the local and global levels.

Ch. 2: World Cities Report

Cities are harnessing local capabilities to develop green technologies and renewable energy sources that enhance their ability to withstand climate-related shocks as well as boosting local economies. Governments are investing in green technologies, presenting an excellent opportunity for cities to channel their innovation capabilities into a new sector of the economy.

Learning Objectives

Describe major characteristics of global urbanization (e.g., extent, speed, physical forms) and how the process unfolds differently in developing and developed countries.

Explain how the world's city-regions are increasingly interlinked (socially, economically, culturally, technically, ecologically); and how this poses new challenges for urban and regional planning.

Identify four key features of globalization regardless of political standpoint

Grasp the orders of magnitude of global population growth, how many people, where (urban, rural proportions)

Describe the paradigm shift in urban and environmental planning (from D-->E, to E-->D) and origins of sustainability thinking