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Week2_MegaCitiesandInformalCities__LecSlides_Winter2023.pdf

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313U Urban Environmental

Issues Week 2

Mega Cities & Informal Cities

“For the first time in human history, more than half the world’s population is urban”

Sorensen, Andre, and Junichiro Okata. “Introduction: Megacities, Urban Form, and Sustainability.” In Megacities: Urban Form, Governance, and Sustainability, 1–12. New York: Springer Science & Business Media, 2010.

US 246.2

Urban population in millions

81% Urban percentage

Mexico 84.392

77%

Colombia 34.3 73%

Brazil 162.6 85%

Argentina 35.6 90%

Ukraine 30.9 68%

Russia 103.6 73%

China 559.2

Urban population in millions

42% Urban percentage

Turkey 51.1 68%

India 329.3 29%

Bangladesh 38.2 26%

Philippines 55.0 64%

Indonesia 114.1 50%

S Korea 39.0 81%

Japan 84.7 66%

Egypt 33.1 43%

S Africa 28.6 60%

Canada 26.3

Venezuela 26.0

Poland 23.9

Thailand 21.5

Australia 18.3

Netherlands 13.3

Peru 21.0

Saudi Arabia 20.9

Iraq 20.3 Vietnam

23.3

DR Congo 20.2

Algeria 22.0Morocco

19.4

Malaysia 18.1

Burma 16.5

Sudan 16.3

Chile 14.6

N Korea 14.1

Ethiopia 13.0

Uzbekistan 10.1

Tanzania 9.9

Romania 11.6

Ghana 11.3

Syria 10.2

Belgium 10.2

80%

94%

62%

33%

89%

81%

73%

81%

67%

27%

33%

65%60%

69%

32%

43%

88%

62%

16%

37%

25%

54%

49%

51%

97%

Nigeria 68.6 50%

UK 54.0 90%

France 46.9 77%

Spain 33.6 77%

Italy 39.6 68%

Germany 62.0 75%

Iran 48.4 68%

Pakistan 59.3 36%

Cameroon

AngolaEcuador

Ivory Coast

Kazakh- stan

Cuba

Afghan- istan

Sweden

Kenya

Czech Republic

9.5

9.38.7

8.6

8.5

7.8

7.6

7.4

Mozam- bique

Hong Kong

Belarus

Tunisia

Hungary

Greece

Israel

Guate- mala

Portugal

Yemen

Dominican Republic

Bolivia

Serbia & Mont

Switzer- land

Austria

Bulgaria

Mada- gascar

Libya

Senegal

Jordan

Zimbabwe

Nepal

Denmark

Mali

Azerbaijan

Singapore

El Salvador

Zambia

Uganda

Puerto Rico

Paraguay

UAE

Benin

Norway

New Zealand

Honduras

Haiti

Nicaragua

Guinea

Finland

Uruguay

Lebanon

Somalia

Sri Lanka

Cambodia

Slovakia

Costa Rica

Palestine

Kuwait

Togo

ChadBurkina

Ireland

Croatia

Congo

Niger

Sierra Leone

Malawi

Panama

Turkmenistan

Georgia

Lithuania

Liberia

Moldova

Rwanda

Kyrgyzstan

Oman

Armenia Bosnia

Tajikistan

CAR

Melanesia

Latvia

Mongolia

Albania

Jamaica

Macedonia

Mauritania Laos

Gabon

Botswana

Slovenia

Eritrea

Estonia

Gambia

Burundi

Papua New Guinea

Namibia Mauritius

Guinea-Bissau

Lesotho E Timor

Bhutan

Swaziland

Trinidad & Tobago

The earth reaches a momentous milestone: by next year, for the first time in history, more than half its population will be living in cities. Those 3.3 billion people are expected to grow to 5 billion by 2030 — this unique map of the world shows where those people live now

At the beginning of the 20th century, the world's urban population was only 220 million, mainly in the west

By 2030, the towns and cities of the developing world will make up 80% of urban humanity

The new urban world

Urban growth, 2005—2010

Predominantly urban 75% or over

Predominantly urban 50—74%

Predominantly rural 25—49% urban

Predominantly rural 0—24% urban

Cities over 10 million people (greater urban area)

Key

Tokyo 33.4

Osaka 16.6

Seoul 23.2

Manila 15.4

Jakarta 14.9

Dacca 13.8

Bombay 21.3

Delhi 21.1 Calcutta

15.5

Karachi 14.8

Shanghai 17.3

Canton 14.5

Beijing 12.7

Moscow 13.4

Tehran 12.1

Cairo 15.9

Istanbul 11.7

London 12.0

Lagos 10.0

Mexico City 22.1

New York 21.8

Sao Paulo 20.4

LA 17.9

Rio de Janeiro

12.2

Buenos Aires 13.5 3,307,950,000

The world’s urban population — from a total of 6,615.9 million SOURCE: UNFPA GRAPHIC: PAUL SCRUTONAfrica Asia Oceania Europe 0.1%

Eastern Europe -0.4%

Arab States Latin America & Caribbean North America

3.2% 2.4%

1.3%

2.8%

1.7% 1.3%

Mega Cities

Cities with more than 10 million inhabitants

Mega Cities

• Cities with more than 10 million inhabitants

• 34 Mega Cities today

• Differences between mega cities in developed vs developing nation

What is a Developing Country?

Since 1971, the United Nations has recognized least developed countries (LDCs) as a category. LDCs are defined as low-income countries suffering from structural impediments to sustainable development.

https://unctad.org/topic/least-developed-countries/map

What is a Developing Country?

The list of LDCs is reviewed every three years by the United Nations Economic and Social Council, in the light of recommendations by the Committee for Development Policy (CDP).

The following three criteria are used by the CDP to determine LDC status:

• Per capita income (gross national income per capita)

• Human assets (indicators of nutrition, health, school enrolment and literacy)

• Economic vulnerability (indicators of natural and trade-related shocks, physical and economic exposure to shocks, and smallness and remoteness).

https://unctad.org/en/pages/aldc/Least%20Developed%20Countries/UN-list-of-Least-Developed-Countries.aspx

The Paradox of Mega Cities

• Great Wealth

• Pulls in global resources

• Centralized resources

• Refuge from severe weather

events

• Great Poverty

• Encroaches on natural resources

• Inequitable distribution of resources

• Intensify severe weather events

(example: urban heat island)

http://eoimages.gsfc.nasa.gov/images/imagerecords/7000/7949/pearlriver_l3_1979292_lrg.jpg

Pearl River Delta, China 1979

http://eoimages.gsfc.nasa.gov/images/imagerecords/7000/7949/pearlriver_l7_2003010_lrg.jpg

Pearl River Delta, China 2003

Mega-City One

https://www.visualcapitalist.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/pearl-river-delta-map.html

Shenzhen

Kowloon Walled City, Hong Kong, China 33,000 people living in one city block

Mega Cities Major Issues • Air pollution • Water pollution • Heat Island Effect • Water supply • Waste management • Transportation • Housing • Growth management • Governance

These manifest differently but have similar impacts on the health or residents and the environment.

Informal Cities

Informal City/Slum Housing UN-HABITAT defines a slum household as a group of individuals living under the same roof in an urban area who lack one or more of the following:

1. Durable housing of a permanent nature that protects against extreme climate conditions.

2. Sufficient living space which means not more than three people sharing the same room.

3. Easy access to safe water in sufficient amounts at an affordable price.

4. Access to adequate sanitation in the form of a private or public toilet shared by a reasonable number of people.

5. Security of tenure that prevents forced evictions.

Informal Cities/Slum Settlements

• Not just about birth rates • Economic drivers • Environmental divers • Urban lifestyles

We can learn from these informal cities and settlements?

Informal Cities/Slum Settlements

• Not just about birth rates • Economic drivers • Environmental divers • Urban lifestyles

We can learn form these informal cities and settlements?

Innovation, Human Ingenuity, New Housing Designs, and how to live within environmental constraints

Lagos & Makoko, Nigeria

São Paulo, Brazil

Flavelas

Informal Housing in the US

Sustainability Defined

“Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising

the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.” (Sorensen et al)

The Idea of sustainable development will be particularly effective if “it acts

as a lightning rod to focus conflicting economic, environmental and social

interests. The more it stirs up conflict and sharpens the debate, the more

effective the idea will be in the long run.” (Sorensen et al)

“The Planner’s Triangle” Campbell 1987

Urban Commons & Access

Environmental Justice & Environmental Racism

Urban Metabolism & Human Mobility

Urban Agriculture & Food Systems

Urban Sustainability, Greenlining and Green Gentrification

Climate Change & “Natural Disasters”

Climate Justice, Gentrification, and Migration

Future Cities