music essay
Tiantian
Week1Slides.pdf
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Music of India, Pakistan, and
Afghanistan
Music 80X Spring Quarter 2019
Michael Lindsey
z Class 1
4.1.19
§ Introduction to class
§ Go through syllabus
§ Listen and discuss musical examples
z Class 2
4.3.19
§ Announcements
§ Key terms in today’s lectures
§ Overview of Hindustani music, part 1
z Announcements
§ Extra credit opportunity: Ustad Aashish Khan concert, April 28
§ Canvas site not published yet
§ Summer class on Indian rhythm
z Key terms and people
§ Mughal Empire – Ruling dynasty that controlled areas of South and Central Asia from 1526-1857 that was known for the lavish patronage of art forms.
§ Akbar (1542-1605) – Third Mughal Emperor (r. 1556-1605) and famous patron of music and arts.
§ Mian Tansen (1506-1589) – Court musician for Akbar.
§ Swami Haridas (1478-1573) – Faqir, teacher of Tansen.
§ Dhrupad – Old and austere genre of Hindustani music
§ Khyal – Genre of Hindustani music featuring extensive improvisation, surpassed dhrupad in popularity
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z Emperor Akbar
Mian TansenSwami Haridas
Music as form of devotion Music as entertainment, occupation
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z
Tansen’s Baradari, Fatehpur Sikri, India
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Akbar’s Tomb, Sikandra, India
z Music offers two pathways to the divine
§ Elite, art music traditions
§ Meditative
§ Non-lyrical
§ Non-rhythmic
§ Devotional and regional traditions
§ Ecstatic
§ Lyric-centric
§ Highly rhythmic
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Devotional Devotional Light Classical Light Classical Classical Classical
Genre Bhajan Qawwali Ghazal Thumri Khayal Dhrupad
Importance of Lyrics
High High High High Low Low
Musical Complexity
Low Medium Medium Medium High High
Spiritual Spiritual Spiritual/ Romantic
Spiritual/ Romantic
Secular Secular
High emphasis on lyrics Low emphasis on lyrics
Low musical complexity High musical complexity
Hindustani music genres
z
Devotional Devotional Light Classical Light Classical Classical Classical
Genre Bhajan Qawwali Ghazal Thumri Khayal Dhrupad
Importance of Lyrics
High High High High Low Low
Musical Complexity
Low Medium Medium Medium High High
Spiritual Spiritual Spiritual/ Romantic
Spiritual/ Romantic
Secular Secular
High emphasis on lyrics Low emphasis on lyrics
Low musical complexity High musical complexity
Hindustani music genres
z Dhrupad
§ More authoritative and austere tradition
§ Soloist
§ Vocal
§ In all traditions vocal music has the highest status
§ Rudra Veena
§ Ancient Indian instrument
§ Rudra is a name for the Hindu god, Shiva
§ Shiva was said to have enjoyed listening to the veena
§ Rarely played anymore
§ Accompanied by Pakhawaj
z Rudra Veena (Bin)
Ustad Bahauddin Dagar
z
Devotional Devotional Light Classical Light Classical Classical Classical
Genre Bhajan Qawwali Ghazal Thumri Khayal Dhrupad
Importance of Lyrics
High High High High Low Low
Musical Complexity
Low Medium Medium Medium High High
Spiritual Spiritual Spiritual/ Romantic
Spiritual/ Romantic
Secular Secular
High emphasis on lyrics Low emphasis on lyrics
Low musical complexity High musical complexity
Hindustani music genres
z Khyal
§ Khyal translates to “imagination”
§ Surpassed dhrupad in popularity (late 16th/early 17th century)
§ Soloist tradition
§ Vocal
§ Instrumental
§ Sitar
§ Sarod
§ Rubab
§ Flute
§ Accompanist
§ Melodic – Sarangi
§ Rhythmic – Tabla
z Class 3
4.5.19
§ Announcements
§ Review of last class
§ Lecture on thumri, ghazal, qawwali, bhajan
z Announcements
§ Canvas site is up! Readings and Quiz 1 will be posted by Saturday morning. Information on assignments and extra credit will be posted next week.
§ Extra Credit – Aashish Khan concert, April 28 $4
§ Summer class on Indian Rhythm
z Review of last class
§ Mughal empire – lavish patrons of music, fostered musical culture that developed into music as it exists today.
§ Akbar, Tansen, and Swami Haridas
§ Music as profession
§ Music as devotion
§ Dhrupad
§ Khyal
z Key terms
§ Thumri – Form of romantic poetry describing pain of separation
§ Ghazal – Poetic form that is set to music in South and Central Asia; discusses pain of separation
§ Qawwali – Sufi (mystical Islam) devotional chanting
§ Bhajan – Hindu devotional chanting
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Devotional Devotional Light Classical Light Classical Classical Classical
Genre Bhajan Qawwali Ghazal Thumri Khayal Dhrupad
Importance of Lyrics
High High High High Low Low
Musical Complexity
Low Medium Medium Medium High High
Spiritual Spiritual Spiritual/ Romantic
Spiritual/ Romantic
Secular Secular
High emphasis on lyrics Low emphasis on lyrics
Low musical complexity High musical complexity
Hindustani music genres
z Thumri
§ Form of romantic poetry that discusses the spiritual romance between Gods Radha and Krishna
§ Poetry often from the perspective of a woman (Radha)
§ Men sing Thumri, but do so from the subject position of a woman
§ More liberal in performance practice than Khyal
§ Themes of romance inspired by the Bhakti movement
z Bājū band khul khul jāe
My bracelets have slipped off
Baju band khul khul jae Sanvariya ne jadu dara Jadu ki puriya bhar bhar mara re Ka karenga ved bichara?
My bracelets have fallen off; My lover has cast a spell on me; He has struck me with a vessel full of magic; What can the helpless doctor do?
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Devotional Devotional Light Classical Light Classical Classical Classical
Genre Bhajan Qawwali Ghazal Thumri Khayal Dhrupad
Importance of Lyrics
High High High High Low Low
Musical Complexity
Low Medium Medium Medium High High
Spiritual Spiritual Spiritual/ Romantic
Spiritual/ Romantic
Secular Secular
High emphasis on lyrics Low emphasis on lyrics
Low musical complexity High musical complexity
Hindustani music genres
z Ghazal
§ Originally an Arabic form of poetry
§ Adapted to many Central and South Asian languages
§ Farsi, Urdu, Hindi, Pashto, Gujarati
§ Rhyming couplets (AA, BA, CA, DA…)
§ Popular in Afghanistan and Pakistan
§ Poetry contains themes related to Sufism
z Iqbal Bano 1935-2009
§ Highly acclaimed Pakistani ghazal singer
§ Born in Delhi
§ Trained in classical and light classical forms
z Dasht-e Tanhā-ī Maiṇ
(In the Wilderness of My Loneliness) Dasht-e tanhā’ī maiṇ ae jān-e jahāṇ larazāṇ haiṇ Terī āvāz ke sā’e tere hoṭoṇ ke sarāb Dasht-e tanhā’ī maiṇ durī ke ḳhas-o ḳhāk tale Khil rahe haiṇ tere pahalu ke saman aur gulāb Ūṭh rahī hai kahīṇ qurbat se terī sāṇs kī ānch Apnī ḳhushbū maiṇ sulagtī hu’ī madham madham Dor ufaq pār chamaktī hu’ī qatra qatra Gir rahī hai terī dildār nazr kī shabnam Is qadr pīyār se ae jān-e jahāṇ rakhā hai Dil ke raḳhsār pe is vaqt terī yād ne hāth Yuṇ gumāṇ hotā hai garche hai abhī sub’-e firāq Ḍahil gayā hijr kā din ābhī ga’ī vasl kī rāt
In the wilderness of loneliness, darling, shivering, The shadows of your voice, the mirage of your lips In the wilderness of loneliness, under the separation of straw and dust The flower of your body is blossoming From somewhere this intimacy is awakening, the heat of your breath, Smoldering in its own scent, like honey On the far horizon glittering, drop by drop Like dew, your captivating glances falling Darling, out of love Your memory has now placed its hand on the face of my heart Though this is the morning of separation, it seems that this Day of separation has fled, and now is the night of union
Translation: Iris Yellum
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Devotional Devotional Light Classical Light Classical Classical Classical
Genre Bhajan Qawwali Ghazal Thumri Khayal Dhrupad
Importance of Lyrics
High High High High Low Low
Musical Complexity
Low Medium Medium Medium High High
Spiritual Spiritual Spiritual/ Romantic
Spiritual/ Romantic
Secular Secular
High emphasis on lyrics Low emphasis on lyrics
Low musical complexity High musical complexity
Hindustani music genres
z Qawwali
§ Sufi devotional poetry set to music
§ Attributed to Amir Khusro (1253-1325), Sufi scholar, poet, and
musician; student of Hazrat Nizamuddin Auliya (1238-1325)
§ Performed at dargahs (Sufi Shrines)
z Nizamuddin Auliya Dargah, Delhi
z Salim Chishti Dargah, Fatehpur Sikri
z Allah Hoo
Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan Allah Hoo, Allah Hoo, Allah Hoo Allah Hoo, Allah Hoo, Allah Hoo Malik ul mulk lashareeka lahoo Wahadahoo laa ilaahaa illaahoo Allah Hoo, Allah Hoo, Allah Hoo Allah Hoo, Allah Hoo, Allah Hoo Yeh zameen jab na thii yeh jahaan jab na thaa Chaand suraj na thay aasman jab na tha Raaz-e-haq bhi kisi per ayaan jab na tha Tab na tha kuch yahaan tha magar tu hee tu Allah Hoo, Allah Hoo, Allah Hoo Allah Hoo, Allah Hoo, Allah Hoo Sana bashar k liyeah bashar sana k liyeah Har Shay Tere Jamaal Ki Aainaa Daar Hai Har Shay Pukaarti Hai Tu Parvardigaar Hai Teri Ruboobiyat Ki Ada Ka Kamaal Hai Tu Rab-e-Qayaanat Hai, Tu Lajwal Hai
Allah Hoo, Allah Hoo, Allah Hoo Allah Hoo, Allah Hoo, Allah Hoo Ruler of the world, soul of my blood The promised one, there is nothing but you Allah Hoo, Allah Hoo, Allah Hoo Allah Hoo, Allah Hoo, Allah Hoo When this earth and world did not exist When there was no moon, sun or sky When the secret of the truth was still unknown When there was nothing, there was you Allah Hoo, Allah Hoo, Allah Hoo Allah Hoo, Allah Hoo, Allah Hoo Everything is a reflection of your glory Every thing cries out that you are the Lord It is the distinction of your enthralling visage You are the unrivalled Lord of the Universe
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Devotional Devotional Light Classical Light Classical Classical Classical
Genre Bhajan Qawwali Ghazal Thumri Khayal Dhrupad
Importance of Lyrics
High High High High Low Low
Musical Complexity
Low Medium Medium Medium High High
Spiritual Spiritual Spiritual/ Romantic
Spiritual/ Romantic
Secular Secular
High emphasis on lyrics Low emphasis on lyrics
Low musical complexity High musical complexity
Hindustani music genres
z Bhajan
§ Devotional Hindu poetry set to ecstatic music
§ Bhagavad Gita
§ Themes inspired by the Bhakti movement
§ Originated in South India in eight century
§ Used local languages and musical practices to be accessible to everyone
§ Promoted a path to spiritual pursuit regardless of one’s caste
z Sindhi Bhajan
