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Week1LabIntroLoafing-2022.pptx

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Lab Presentation

Week 1 Lab

Introduction to the Lab

Welcome to Your Research Lab 1

Welcome to your lab presentation! These lab presentations will give you a hands-on approach to setting up, running, collecting, and analyzing data (via SPSS) for your class research project. We will take a step-by-step approach in these lab slides and learn how to do research along the way!

A quick note: If you are taking methods live / hybrid on campus, your lab instructor MAY NOT go over these materials. But they are here for you anyway and useful! If you are an online student, pay close attention!

Welcome to Your Research Lab 2

Let me repeat that for In-Person or Hybrid Methods II Students …

Your lab instructor will go over a lot of this material when you get to your labs, but they may not go over the lab presentations in their entirety. I am including these lab slides for you in Canvas for you to look over on your own

The lab presentations will walk you through your study design, including the predictions, the analysis, and SPSS

My recommendation is to read these on your own before lab (and maybe even after) to help reinforce some of the concepts that you are learning about in the lab session. It makes a good lab content reminder, too (I know the lab sessions go quickly!)

Welcome to Your Research Lab 3

For Fully Online Methods II Students …

These lab presentations will walk you through your study design, including the predictions, the analysis, and SPSS

My recommendation is to read very early in the week as they will help you with papers, assignments, and activities that may be due at the end of the week

Test Your Understanding 1

Like the lecture powerpoint presentations (which include several “Pop Quiz” questions), I am going to sprinkle several “Test Your Understanding” slides within these lab presentations.

Unlike the “Pop Quiz” questions, these “Test Your Understanding” questions are purely practice for you. I’ll give you a multiple-choice question slide with question-and-answer options. On the very next slide, I’ll give you the correct answer. If you are incorrect, make sure to go back and review the information so you know why it was incorrect. If you are correct, great!

Welcome to Your Research Lab 4

In this first lab presentation, we will look at the following …

Part One: Your First Task In This Course

Part Two: Your First Experimental Papers

Part Three: An Eye Toward The Future

Part One

Your First Task In This Course

Your First Task in This Course 1

In this course, you will carry out two studies. In the first study, you are going to see if participants alter their responses to a series of questions based on a manipulation that we will present to them

I want you to be a part of that first study right now. It takes about 5 to 10 minutes.

Are you ready to begin?

Let me first give you the study instructions (which are the same instructions that YOU will give to participants when YOU collect data for study one)

Your First Task in This Course 2

“Hello, I am conducting a study for my research methods class. I was wondering if you would be willing to participate. The study takes about five to ten minutes. There are no risks to participating, and the main benefit is that I can complete my class assignment. Will you participate?”

Yes No

If yes, move on to the survey and look over four sections …

Your First Task in This Course 3

Part One: Study Instructions

Part Two: Math Problems

Part Three: Thoughts About Your Performance

Part Four: Demographic Information

Let’s look over these four parts, which are presented on the next few slides (though you can also find a hard copy of the survey and researcher instruction materials in Canvas)…

Your First Task in This Course 4

Thank you for participating in this study. The purpose of the study is simple: we want to see how many math problems you can complete correctly! But this is also a competition among the student researchers. We will compare participants to see who completed the most math problems. The student researcher associated with the best performance* will receive class bonus points unavailable to other students (we will use a random drawing if there is a tie). So, complete as many math problems as you can to help the student who recruited you win!

Your First Task in This Course 5

*We will determine the “best performance” by looking at the total number of math problems that you and two other participants complete. That is, the researcher who recruited you is recruiting two other participants. We will combine your score with the scores provided by the other two participants to find the total group score for all three of you. We will award bonus points to the student researcher who recruited the three participants with the highest total completion score.

Your First Task in This Course 6

There is no minimum or maximum number of math problems that we expect you to complete. Please use your best judgment and stop when you feel you have completed as many problems as you want. While you are free to use a calculator, that is optional. If you need additional room beyond the space provided below, ask the student researcher for spare scratch paper.

Your First Task in This Course 7

Part Two – Math Problems

The math problems are relatively simple. We want you to square as many numbers as you can in numerical sequence. That is, multiply each number by itself.

For example, 1 X 1 = 1 and 2 X 2 = 4 and 3 X 3 = 9, etc. Although you can stop at any time, please do not skip any math problems in the numerical sequence.

Your First Task in This Course 8

Your First Task in This Course 9

Part Three: Thoughts About Your Performance

1). I believe that I completed more math problems than the average participant.

2). I believe that I could have completed more math problems than I did.

1	2	3	4	5	6	7
Strongly Disagree				Strongly Agree

1	2	3	4	5	6	7
Strongly Disagree				Strongly Agree

Your First Task in This Course 10

Part Three: Thoughts About Your Performance

3). I feel like my performance will be individually examined by the researchers (i.e., not anonymous).

4). I feel like the goal of the study (to help get bonus points for the student who recruited me) is important.

1	2	3	4	5	6	7
Strongly Disagree				Strongly Agree

1	2	3	4	5	6	7
Strongly Disagree				Strongly Agree

Your First Task in This Course 11

Part Three: Thoughts About Your Performance

5). I found solving math problems in this experiment enjoyable.

6). I believe that participants may “slack off” or “take a free ride” if they know that other participants are contributing to the total score.

1	2	3	4	5	6	7
Strongly Disagree				Strongly Agree

1	2	3	4	5	6	7
Strongly Disagree				Strongly Agree

Your First Task in This Course 12

Part Four: Demographic Information

1). What is your gender?

2). What is your age?

3). What is your race / ethnicity?

4). Is English your first language?

5). Are you an FIU student?

6). What is your relationship status?

Your First Task in This Course 13

Part Four: Demographic Information

7). Without looking back, recall the instructions we gave you about how we assess the “Best Performance” in Part One. What did we tell you was the basis for the “Best Performance”?

___ Highest individual score

___ Highest total group score

___ Highest average group score

Your First Task in This Course 14

Finished! Ok, there are a few things I want to focus on

First, think about Part One. Did you pay close attention to the instructions? If yes, do you think the wording in the instructions altered your performance on the math problems?

Second, how well did you do on the math problems? How many did you try to complete?

Your First Task in This Course 15

Finished! Ok, there are a few things I want to focus on

Finally, in Part Three, how did you rate the statements about your performance?

Do you think you completed more math problems than the average participant?

Do you think you could have completed more math problems then you did?

Do you think people might slack off if they know that other participants are contributing to the total score?

Your First Task in This Course 16

This Fall 2022, we are going to run a series of studies looking at “Social Loafing”

As a shorthand, I may call this our “Loafing” study

Social loafing is tendency for people to exert less effort when they pool their efforts toward a common goal than when they are individually accountable”.

In this study, we will manipulate how many people participants think are contributing to the total score to see if this information impacts how many math problems they complete. How will we do this? Let’s start with the first page of the study survey

This is the first page of the survey. You can find this document in Canvas under Short Lab Assignment #3. It is named the “Main Questionnaire”

The first paragraph introduces the study, noting that the participant will complete math problems. But the important part is in the second paragraph

Survey

This second paragraph is the most important paragraph on this survey page, as it differs across conditions.

Let’s look closer at what paragraph two says

Note that the asterisk, or the * symbol, is purposeful here

Survey 2

Your First Task in This Course 17

Below are the * instructions for Part One (reproduced below):

The important phrase here is: “total group score”

But what if you saw these posts instead …

Your First Task in This Course 18

But what if you saw the following * instructions instead:

*We will determine the “best performance” by looking at the average number of math problems that you and two other participants complete. That is, the researcher who recruited you is recruiting two other participants. We will combine your score with the scores provided by the other two participants to find the average group score for all three of you. We will award bonus points to the student researcher who recruited the three participants with the highest average completion score.

The important phrase here is: “average group score”. Finally …

Your First Task in This Course 19

Finally, what it you saw the following instructions:

*We will determine the “best performance” by looking at the total number of math problems that you and other participants complete. We will award bonus points to the student researcher who recruited the participant with the highest individual completion score.

The important phrase here is: “individual completion score”

But what if you saw these posts instead …

Your First Task in This Course 20

In our study, we are altering how many participants “contribute” to the “Best Performance” score. Think about these three different conditions …

Single individuals contribute to the “Individual Total Condition”

Three participants contribute to the “Group Total Condition”

Three participants contribute to the “Average Total Condition”

We highlight the number of participants contributing to the “Best performance” score in the instructions using the * symbol

Your First Task in This Course 21

Now think about your Math Problem Performance

At the start of this presentation, I had you read the condition in which I told you that your math performance score would be combined with other participants to determine the total math performance score.

But what if I told you that I would focus on your score alone? Would that make you work harder / longer at the math task?

Your First Task in This Course 22

Now think about your Math Problem Performance

I think you would work harder / longer on the math problems if you thought I was examining your individual total score on its own.

However, if I combined your math performance score with the scores of other participants (with the final score based on either the total score for the group or an averaged score for the group), then I suspect you might “slack off” or take a “free ride” and let others do more work. In other words, you might engage in “social loafing”

Your First Task in This Course 23

Now think about your Math Problem Performance

Okay, reread the last slide again. I know this lab presentation is long, but the information on the prior slide is really important for your understanding of the social loafing element of this study.

You reread it? Great! Now let’s discuss Part Two of the survey

Your First Task in This Course 24

Now think about Part Two

In Part Two, all participants solve the same math problems, essentially squaring all numbers in sequence

Your First Task in This Course 25

Now think about Part Two

We will make it clear to participants that they can complete as many (or as few) of the math problems as they like. I think few will complete more than 20 out of the 42 problems.

Again, I think that participants who are told that we will look at their individual math performance will complete more math problems than participants who think their score will be pooled with other participants (group total or group average!

Now, let’s consider Part Three …

Your First Task in This Course 26

Now think about the questions in Part Three

In Part Three, participants rate their thoughts about their own performance using a scale ranging from 1 (Strongly Disagree) to 7 (Strongly Agree)

These performance ratings ask participants to assess their performance in comparison to others, to think about whether their score seems anonymous, to think about the goals of the study, and to think about whether people may take a “free ride” when their score is combined with others’ scores.

That’s our study in a nutshell! But let’s delve into it further …

Your First Task in This Course 27

First, consider your surveys again. There is something important that I want you to note about the content of those three surveys.

IMPORTANT: All questions and materials in the three surveys are identical. The ONLY difference across the three surveys is the instructions with the asterisk *. ALL other information in the surveys is identical

Why is this important? In research, we want a lot of control over our materials. The ONLY thing that differs is what we manipulated. Thus, in our study, everything is identical across the three surveys EXCEPT what we told participants about the total (Individual Total, Group Total, or Group Average)

Let’s Discuss Your Study

Throughout the rest of this section, I want to focus on YOUR role as a researcher as well as your performance to the questions in the survey you just completed. Here, we will cover:

A. You Are The Researcher

B. Think About Your Performance

Independent Variable

Dependent Variables

Hypotheses

You Are The Researcher 1

A. You Are The Researcher: Finding Your Surveys

First, find your surveys in your “Short Lab Assignments” folder under Assignment #3: Study One Materials

They might also be with your “Papers” folder under Paper II: Study One Methods, Results and Discussion (I like to double-up on the locations, but they are the same documents). Look for them under the name “Study One Materials”

You Are The Researcher 2

A. You Are The Researcher: Finding Your Surveys

When you open the Study One Materials folder, you will see five documents. Three are “Main Questionnaires”, a fourth is “Researcher Instructions”, and the fifth is for Assignment #3

My suggestion is that you read the “Researcher Instructions” document RIGHT NOW. It will make the slides to come easier to understand. I also suggest that you look over the three main questionnaires after reading the instructions. The fifth document tells you what is due for Assignment #3

You Are The Researcher 3

A. You Are The Researcher: Finding Your Surveys

I want you to collect data from three different participants. That is, print out all three versions of the main questionnaire and then find one person to complete each

These must be three DIFFERENT people. Each participant only reads and completes one version of the survey

If possible, do not use family or friends of yours (you will use family and friends for a follow-up study later in the semester, so you don’t want to use them up for this first study!)

However, if you are concerned about Covid 19 …

You Are The Researcher 4

A. You Are The Researcher: Finding Your Surveys

I want you to collect data from three different participants. That is, print out all three versions of the main questionnaire and then find one person to complete each

Covid 19 Data Collection Alternative

With the Coronavirus pandemic still going, you might be uncomfortable collecting data from participants in-person. Although this study works best with participants completing the survey materials in-person, there is a set of “Covid Alternative” surveys in Canvas with pre-filled in data. Print those and pretend you collected data

You Are The Researcher 5

A. You Are The Researcher: Finding Your Surveys

I want you to collect data from three different participants. That is, print out all three versions of the main questionnaire and then find one person to complete each

In a future week (around week four) you will upload an SPSS file for Assignment #3 that contains the data for your three participants.

We will discuss this later, but you can see the instructions for what is due for Assignment #3 in that same folder in the “What is due” Assignment #3 document.

You Are The Researcher 6

A. You Are The Researcher: Finding Your Surveys

You’ve read the researcher instructions, right? Right? Good.

As you now know, our study is looking at Social Loafing. There is a lot of research on Social Loafing, but you might also see terms like “free ride”, the “Collective Effort Model”, the “Ringelmann Effect”, and “Evaluation Potential” when researching this topic

Our study also looks at math performance, and there are a lot of studies that focus math phobias. You’ll get a chance to add to this interesting literature!

Think About Your Performance 1

B. Think About Your Performance – Independent Variable (IV)

So, let’s talk about our “Social Loafing Study” from a more methodological perspective

Again, the three versions of the questionnaire represent our one independent variable (i.e. the IV, or the variable that the researcher controls). This single IV has three levels …

1: Individual Total Condition (I’ll often write this in red)

2: Group Total Condition (I’ll write this in blue)

3: Group Average Condition (look for green!)

Think About Your Performance 2

B. Think About Your Performance – Independent Variable (IV)

So, let’s talk about our “Social Loafing Study” from a more methodological perspective

Again, the three versions of the questionnaire represent our one independent variable (i.e. the IV, or the variable that the researcher controls). This single IV has three levels …

I did want to mention that I do not expect any differences between the Group Total and Group Average conditions, as both look at group effort. But I must admit that this is a guess only. We are including both conditions in our study so we can see if the two groups really are the same!

Test Your Understanding 2

Imagine you conduct a study where people are randomly assigned to solve math problems that appear in one of four colors (red, blue, green, or black). The researchers predict that those who get the red color will solve fewer math problems than those who get blue, green, or black ink. How many independent variables do you have in this study?

A. One

B. Two

C. Three

D. Four

Test Your Understanding 3

A. One

B. Two

C. Three

D. Four

Keep in mind that a single IV can have multiple levels. Here, we have one independent variable (condition) that happens to have four levels to it (red, blue, green, and black). Still, it is only ONE independent variable. Your study has ONE IV as well. It just happens to have three levels. That is …

Test Your Understanding 4

A. One

B. Two

C. Three

D. Four

Your Social Loafing Study has one independent variable with three levels (Individual Total, Group Total, or Group Average). Again, we have ONE independent variable with three levels

Think About Your Performance 3

B. Think About Your Performance – Dependent Variable (DV)

A dependent variable “depends” on the study manipulation. That is, DVs are the participant response(s), which depend on the IV. In our study, we have a lot of dependent variables!

There is one dependent variable in Part Two (Total Math Score), six in Part Three (the six statements), and seven in Part Four (six demographic DVs and our attention check DV), or 14 items total!

Yup, 14 is a lot of DVs! The good news is we won’t analyze all of these DVs, but there are some really important ones I want you to pay attention to (while we will ignore others) …

Think About Your Performance 4

B. Think About Your Performance – Dependent Variable (DV)

Part Two: One of the most important DVs in our study is the Total Math Score DV (total number completed) in Part Two

For the Total Math Score, simply add up the number of math problems that the participant completed! Since there are 42 math problems, this total will range from 0 to 42.

Make sure to get a total score for each individual participant regardless of their condition (even in the “group conditions”, get the total score for each individual participant) for this DV

Think About Your Performance 5

B. Think About Your Performance – Dependent Variable (DV)

The first two Part Three statements are also very important

And here are statements 1 and 2 from Part Three …

Think About Your Performance 6

B. Think About Your Performance – Dependent Variable (DV)

The first two Part Three statements are also very important

The ironic thing about Social Loafing is that it isn’t always an actual “decision”. Research shows that people may not even realize they are engaging in social loafing. It is possible that all participants (regardless of their condition) will agree that they performed better than average and disagree that they could have completed more math problems than they did.

Since actual loafing might be unconscious, I do not expect participants to differ in their ratings of statements 1 and 2!

Think About Your Performance 7

B. Think About Your Performance – Dependent Variable (DV)

Other Part Three statements are interesting but less important

Research on social loafing also suggests that loafing is less likely if the goal is seen as worthwhile by the participant or if they think their performance will be individually evaluated. Statements 3 and 4 can help us see if this is true.

Think About Your Performance 8

B. Think About Your Performance – Dependent Variable (DV)

Other Part Three statements are interesting but less important

Finally, consider Statements 5 and 6. I think that most of our participants will agree with Statement 6, though few of them will admit that they themselves engage in social loafing.

Think About Your Performance 9

B. Think About Your Performance – Dependent Variable (DV)

Part Four: Demographic Variables

In Part Four, we will analyze demographic information, like participant gender, age, and race/ethnicity.

We will run “descriptive statistics” on these demographic questions, finding the mean age and the frequencies for gender and race/ethnicity

Think About Your Performance 19

B. Think About Your Performance – Dependent Variable (DV)

Part Four: Manipulation Check

The most important question in Part Four is Question 7, which asks participants how we determined the “Best Performance”. They must choose one of three options:

Think About Your Performance 20

B. Think About Your Performance – Dependent Variable (DV)

Part Four: Manipulation Check

Our analysis for question 7 will involve a chi square, where we will see if participants recall what condition they were in.

We want to make sure that those in the Individual Total condition recall us saying that we used the Highest individual score to assess the “Best Performance”

We similarly hope that those in the Group Total condition recall the “Highest total group score” phrasing, and that those in the Group Average condition recall the “Highest average group score” phrasing.

Think About Your Performance 21

B. Think About Your Performance – Dependent Variable (DV)

Part Four: Manipulation Check

Our analysis for question 7 will involve a chi square, where we will see if participants recall what condition they were in.

Question 7 is our manipulation check (or our attention check). If participants do not recall what we told them about the best performance definition, then they may not have paid attention to our manipulation.

Given their lack of attention, we may not want to include them as participants in our study.

Test Your Understanding 6

What can we do if participants “fail” our manipulation (or attention) check question?

A. Nothing. Once they finish the survey, it is unethical to do anything that alters the data

B. We can alter their data so it shows they paid better attention

C. We can drop the participant from our study (ignore them)

D. We can ask the participant to redo the study

Test Your Understanding 7

What can we do if participants “fail” our manipulation (or attention) check question?

A. Nothing. Once they finish the survey, it is unethical to do anything that alters the data

B. We can alter their data so it shows they paid better attention

C. We can drop the participant from our study (ignore them)

D. We can ask the participant to redo the study

Answer C is the best option here. Results from an inattentive participant can create error (noise) in our design. We don’t want them to redo it (they might know the hypothesis), but altering or doing nothing with their data can increase error noise, too

Think About Your Performance 22

B. Think About Your Performance – Hypotheses

Another big part of this study is the prediction (or predictions, since there are several). Predictions are very important: You have a separate hypothesis for each dependent variable (some hypotheses will overlap if the question asks something similar).

You know those 7 DVs we just looked at in Parts Two and Three? There are 7 different hypotheses across these sections, one hypothesis for each DV in each part!

As I noted a few slides ago, though, we will concentrate on a few of them. Consider the Total Math Score in Part Two …

Think About Your Performance 23

B. Think About Your Performance – Hypotheses

Part Two, Total Math Score Hypothesis:

Recall the Total Math Score dependent variable is based on the number of math problems each participant completed

Participants can complete between 0 and 42 problems.

Since they cannot solve fewer than 0, this is a ratio scale

Our hypotheses will focus on comparing condition scores for this DV. In your papers, YOU will provide a literature review that justifies your hypothesis. But for now, think about the hypothesis for this DV as an “IF A THEN B” statement …

Think About Your Performance 24

B. Think About Your Performance – Hypotheses

Part Two, Total Math Score Hypothesis:

“IF participants are told that their individual total score will be used to determine the “best performance”, THEN they will attempt to solve more math problems than participants who are told that their score will be combined with the scores of other participants (as either a group total score or a group average score), with no differences expected between the group total and group average conditions.”

Think About Your Performance 25

B. Think About Your Performance – Hypotheses

Part Two, Total Math Score Hypothesis:

Feel free to disagree with my hypothesis. I might be wrong! Just make sure that you can cite research articles that support your prediction rather than mine.

Of course, sometimes we may predict a “null result” (we predict no differences between conditions). This applies to a few Part Three statements …

Think About Your Performance 26

B. Think About Your Performance – Hypotheses

Part Three: Statement 1 Hypothesis:

I predict a “null result” for Statement 1 in Part Three. Recall what that statement says …

Since I think all participants will agree with this statement, I came up with this hypothesis for this dependent variable …

Think About Your Performance 27

B. Think About Your Performance – Hypotheses

Part Three: Statement 1 Hypothesis:

I predict a “null result” for Statement 1 in Part Three. Recall what that statement says …

“Since prior research suggests that people tend to think that they themselves do not engage in social loafing, we predict that all participants—regardless of their study condition—will agree that they completed more math problems than the average participant.”

I also expect a “null result” for Statement 2 in Part Three …

Think About Your Performance 28

B. Think About Your Performance – Hypotheses

Part Three: Statement 2 Hypothesis:

2. I believe that I could have completed more math problems than I did.

“Since prior research suggests that people tend to think that they themselves do not engage in social loafing, we predict that all participants—regardless of their study condition—will disagree that they could have solved more math problems than they did.”

Of course, I expect all p’s will “disagree” with the statement here

Think About Your Performance 29

B. Think About Your Performance – Hypotheses

Part Three, Statements 3 through 6

Try to figure out the possible predictions for Statements 3 through 6 on your own! Personally, I think there will also be null findings (no differences) for Statements 4, 5 and 6.

However, I think that there will be differences for Statement 3, with participants in the Individual Total Condition more strongly agreeing with Statement 3

Think About Your Performance 30

B. Think About Your Performance – Hypotheses

Part Three, Statements 1 and 6

We will discuss predictions more in the main lecture, but for now note that you can adapt / alter / keep the predictions in this presentation for your own study. I wrote out these predictions for you in your Researcher Instructions for Study One. Feel free to see them there. You can even copy and paste them into your Paper One in a few weeks!

Think About Your Performance 31

B. Think About Your Performance – Hypotheses

In Part IV, we collected demographic information

There are no real predictions for demographics, but we do want to make sure that we have a representative sample. We’ll run some statistics on our demographic data to find the mean age (and standard deviation) as well as the number of men and women and the number for each ethnicity

Think About Your Performance 32

B. Think About Your Performance – Hypotheses

Want the good news?

For this first study, I gave you your predictions. Again, you can copy them from these powerpoint presentations or copy them from your researcher instructions. We will cover hypotheses more in the lecture material, but I want you to be familiar with them, as you will write your first (and second) papers with these predictions in mind. That is, Paper I ends with these predictions, and Paper II tests them

Want them again in an easy-to-copy format? Okay …

Think About Your Performance 33

B. Think About Your Performance – Hypotheses

General Predictions (Taken from your researcher instructions):

We have two predictions. First, if participants are told that their individual total score will be the basis of the “best performance”, then they will attempt to solve more problems than those who are told their score will be pooled with the scores of two other participants (resulting in either a group total score or a group average score), with no differences expected between these two group-based conditions. Second, since prior research suggests that people tend to think that they themselves do not engage in social loafing, we predict that all participants—regardless of their study condition—will agree that they worked harder than the average participant.”

Think About Your Performance 34

B. Think About Your Performance – Hypotheses

Well, that's our study for this semester in a nutshell!

Keep in mind our hypotheses for this study over the next few weeks, as it will become an important part of your future papers (Hint: Look at the student instructions for the study as well as prior slides in this presentation!)

For now, I want to talk about some of the upcoming papers. But first …

Test Your Understanding 8

Why is the following hypothesis bad: “Participants will be more impacted if they think their individual score is being measured than if they think their score is being grouped with other scores.”

A. It’s not a bad hypothesis.

B. Participants should not have their emotions manipulated

C. The word “impacted” is too vague. HOW does it impact them? In a positive or negative way? This needs specificity

Test Your Understanding 9

Why is the following hypothesis bad: “Participants will be more impacted if they think their individual score is being measured than if they think their score is being grouped with other scores.”

A. It’s not a bad hypothesis.

B. Participants should not have their emotions manipulated

C. The word “impacted” is too vague. HOW does it impact them? In a positive or negative way? This needs specificity

We will discuss hypotheses a lot in this class, but keep in mind that they need to be specific. Saying participants were “impacted” by the IV is not enough. HOW were they impacted?

Part Two

Your First Experimental Papers

Paper I: Study One Literature Review

Paper II: Study One Methods / Results / Discussion

Your First Experimental Papers 1

Paper I: Study One Literature Review

For your first paper in this class (Paper I), you will write a short literature review based on the Social Loafing Study idea

When you go into Canvas, find a folder of articles related to the Loafing Study. Using this set of articles, your first task is to read three or four of them (plus one more article that you will find on your own) and then combine the information from them into a literature review that ends with the hypotheses for your study (the ones we just discussed)

Instructions and examples are available on Canvas

Your First Experimental Papers 2

Paper II: Study One Methods, Results and Discussion

A few weeks after your study one literature review, you will turn in Paper II, which focuses on the methods, results, and a very brief discussion of the data you collected for study one.

Paper II thus focuses on the methods (specific details about what you did and how you did it), data analysis (all of those fun statistics you hopefully remember from your stats class, like chi-squares, t-Tests, and ANOVAs. Don’t worry about these right now – we will help you out with these along the way!), and a very brief (paragraph or two) discussion section

Your First Experimental Papers 3

Just breathe – it will be okay!

I know you are probably wide-eyed at this point knowing how much work lies ahead, but keep in mind that this is a required course in psychology and ALL students taking the course go through the same steps you are. I have taught this class many times before, and most students survive (!). So will you!

Over the next few weeks, I will go into a bit more detail about the paper instructions and the expectations I have for your papers.

Your First Experimental Papers 4

Papers III, IV, and V: (Study Two)

I do want to mention another project coming up mid-semester, just to give you some advance warning. You will conduct a follow-up Social Loafing Study during the second half of this semester that you have more control over. You will help create hypotheses and stimulus materials, and you will once again collect data and analyze it (albeit more independently).

We will talk about Papers III, IV, and V more as the semester progresses, but trust me when I tell you that Papers I and II will help you better understand Papers III, IV, and V. Look at the example Paper V this week, just to see what lies ahead

Test Your Understanding 11

Generally, what is your first study about?

A. The impact of friend feedback on academic performance

B. The impact of social loafing on participant ratings

C. The impact of advertisements on social media ratings

D. The impact of the primacy effect on wrongfulness ratings

Test Your Understanding 12

Generally, what is your first study about?

A. The impact of friend feedback on academic performance

B. The impact of social loafing on participant ratings

C. The impact of advertisements on social media ratings

D. The impact of the primacy effect on wrongfulness ratings

This semester, you are focusing on Social Loafing. Get very familiar with the topic (read some research on it). But note that the topic changes every semester. Ask prior students what they did. It’ll differ, but you can learn from their experiences!

Part Three

An Eye Toward The Future

An Eye Toward The Future 1

Remember to collect data for your three surveys. It won’t be due for while, but you’ll want them on hand in future labs.

Speaking of which, it is REALLY important that you attend to the lab materials, as you’ll do some hands-on activities using your computer. You can always return to these lab powerpoints if you need some additional guidance, so keep them close!