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Violence and War: 

(1) crime against humanity: It is a crime involving racial, religious, or political persecution of civilians. Genocides is included in this category as well (MacKinnon, p.524).

(2) jus ad bellum: it is a just war concern for ethical issues arising in deciding to go to war and including just cause, legitimate authority, and proportionality (MacKinnon, p.582).

(3) jus in bello: It is a just war concern for ethical issues arising within warfare, including proportionality, discrimination, and prohibition on intrinsically evil means (MacKinnon, p.582).

(4) just war theory: It is a theory about justification of war that maintains that war should be limited by moral concerns (MacKinnon, p.582)

(5) pacifism: It is a commitment to nonviolence and opposition to war. It is associated to Gandhi (MacKinnon, p.583).

(6) principle of double effect: it is a principle that states that noncombatant harms can be permitted if they are the foreseen but unintended and accidental result of a legitimate war aim (MacKinnon, p.516).

(7) realism: it is a view on ethics of war that maintains that limits on warfare are merely pragmatic or prudential and that the goal is strength and victory (MacKinnon, p.584).

 (8) terrorism: It is premeditated, politically motivated violence perpetrated against noncombatant targets by subnational groups or clandestine agents, usually intended to influence an audience (MacKinnon, p.517).

 (9) torture: Torture is the infliction of pain with the intention to obtain some information. It is viewed as a criminal activity, outlawed by the Geneva Conventions and by other international treaties such as the UN convention against torture (MacKinnon, p.524).

 (10) war crime: They are crimes that violate the conventions and protocol of international agreements, and treaties to limit warfare. These conventions state for example that civilians should not be targeted (MacKinnon, p.523).

(11) weapon of mass destruction: it is a weapon that belongs to the category of biological, chemical, and nuclear. This weapon can kill many people at once. They are of a different order of magnitude than usual means of modern warfare (MacKinnon, p.521).

Global Justice and Globalization: 

(1) Asian values: It is a cultural and conservative values that seem to do not fit well with the values of western liberal democracy and capitalism. Asian values are so broad and obscure to be meaningless (MacKinnon, p.553-554).

(2) charity: It is an altruist concern for the plight of others ought to play a role in how we relate to distant peoples. In some senses, it is optional (MacKinnon, p.546).

(3) colonialism: It is the practice of dominating a country and impose its view. Colonialism has been the cause of poverty in many of the world’s poorest countries (MacKinnon, p.549).

(4) earning to give: it is the pursuit of a lucrative career with the purpose of donating a significant portion of the earnings to cost-effective organizations. The value of earning to give may not be immediately obvious, since people tend to think of ethical jobs as those with a direct positive impact (https://forum.effectivealtruism.org/tag/earning-to-give).

(5) end-state justice: It is a form of justice that is focused on how things have turned out in term of distribution of wealth between rich and poor (MacKinnon, p.547).

(6) ethical consumerism: It is an approach that aims to channel consumer choices in morally responsible and sustainable directions. Some people like to pay more for a product to ensure that the product is not in a sweatshop (MacKinnon, p.542).

 (7) fair trade practices: it is a practice that aims to help disadvantaged people in the developing world by buying goods that are produced in beneficial and non-exploitative condition. Fair trade is advertised in stores or on websites (MacKinnon, p.542).

 (8) fairness: it means sharing equitably. People in affluent countries consume more, use more resources and produce more pollution while those living in developing countries consume less (MacKinnon, p.542).

 (9) farm subsidies: It is money that is allocated to help farmers. This subsidy usually goes to large industrialized farms that then produce huge crop surpluses for cheap export (MacKinnon, p.549).

(10) global inequality: It is a claim about gross inequalities across the globe. This inequality is about economics, poverty, etc. (MacKinnon, p.547). 

(11) global justice: It is a system of justice that is focused on the moral question of the underlying fairness and justice of the current globalized situation. It is close to cosmopolitan approach (MacKinnon, p.542).

 (12) global resource dividend,

 (13) globalization: It is the process of increasing integration of global markets ideas, by way of growing international cooperation and international business (MacKinnon, p. 581).

(14) international aid: It is what rich nations allocate from their budget to the alleviation of global poverty and inequality. The US allocate 1% of its budget (MacKinnon, p.548).

 (15) International Monetary Fund: It is an organization that finance countries and help them develop important projects. This organization asked the US to eliminate subsidies in their exports, however the US refused (MacKinnon, p.550).

(16) offshoring / outsourcing: Outsourcing is a process that occurs when part of a process- say, tax preparation or customer service is contracted out to workers in other countries where labor costs are cheaper. Offshoring is when the entire factories are moved to cheaper offshore locations (MacKinnon, p.553)

(17) modernization: it is a theory of development that emphasizes increased secularization, spread of capitalism, and liberalization of economics and politics (MacKinnon, p.583).

(18) process view of justice: It is a form of justice for which any distribution can be said to be just if the process by which it comes to be is just. In other words, if there was no theft or fraud, then the resulting arrangement is just (MacKinnon, p.546).

(19) self-interest: It is our own interest (MacKinnon, p.545).

(20) westernization: It is a term that refers to the ways that the social structures of modernity-capitalism, science, movies, music, and so forth-have spread throughout the world (MacKinnon, p.553)

(21) the World Trade Organization:  It is an international organization that regulates trade between countries

Reference

MacKinnon, Barbara (2015).  Ethics:  theory and contemporary issues.  Eighth edition. Cengage Learning. ISBN #978-1-285-196

https://forum.effectivealtruism.org/tag/earning-to-give