Answers all the questions and write one essay for every question that asked to
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Week132.pptxChapter 11
Non Governmental Organizations
International Humanitarian Relief
Important aspects:
Working cross- culturally
Inappropriate relief efforts
Appropriate relief efforts
International Standards for humanitarian relief (pg. 422)
Empowering locals
Working Cross-Culturally
Culture defined:
A design for living, influencing values and beliefs that tell us what we like or do not like
Define what is desirable and what is not
Influences norms
Norms
Behavioral guidelines or rules for how to act
Include:
Mores – represent critically important behaviors
Folkways – defined as behavioral guidelines that we follow because of customs
Working Cross Culturally
Knowing the folkways can help you interact respectfully
Not knowing them can lead to people keeping their distance
Violating the mores can lead to harsher punishment
Culture is based on language (how we speak to each other, words, meanings)
Working Cross-Culturally
Ethnocentrism
Situates your response within your own cultural beliefs and values
Making judgments about other people’s cultural values/norms
How can the different approach to “time” be ethnocentric?
How can this impact disaster work internationally?
What other types of ethnocentrism can impact international disaster work?
Example: Haiti
Working Cross-Culturally
Cultural Relativism
Understanding a different way of life or culture from its perspective rather than yours
Working Cross-Culturally
Preparations:
Research the culture
See if there are any pockets of that culture in your area
Learn some of the local language
Inappropriate Relief Efforts
What would be most helpful?
On what am I basing that assumption?
Appropriate Relief Efforts
USAID guidelines:
Specific request from the humanitarian organizations for commodities
Commodities must be approved
Must also have the capacity to distribute commodities or partnered with an organization in the region that can
Commodities requested should not be available to purchase in the area
If available locally, their cost should not be prohibitive
Should support the local economy to support sustainability and self reliance
Appropriate Relief Efforts
USAID guidelines:
Commodities offered must be useable and sustainable
Adaptable to local technology and environment (voltage, temperature, humidity)
Local language must be used (computer operating systems, instruction manuals, pharmaceutical labels)
Technology training must be supplied
Associated supplies should be accessible locally
Appropriate Relief Efforts
USAID guidelines for managing donations:
Confirm the need: specific characteristics, quality, quantity should be clear and verified
Packaged and labeled in specific ways in order for shipping, customs, storage, and distribution to go smoothly
Know what the requirements and price for shipping and have funds prepared before collection
Need to have the necessary resources to receive, offload, store and distribute the goods in the area
Empowering locals
Important to utilize the local people and their knowledge, to include them and listen to them
Strategies:
Find the leaders of pre-disaster organization and convene a task force
Allow the leaders to elect a chairperson they know and trust
Pay the leaders for their time – they may also have been affected by the disaster
Enable local leadership using technologies to enhance communication outside the community
Hold meetings in local languages
Empowering locals
Strategies:
Honor local customs – structure the meeting according to customs, what type of organization (top-down?) and how local leaders interact
Give the people a voice in planning, response, and recovery meetings – underrepresented groups
Turn off personal microphone so that locals can speak or sign
https://www.ted.com/talks/ernesto_sirolli_want_to_help_someone_shut_up_and_listen
Questions…
How could something as simple as the donation of t-shirts and jeans be a problem in different cultures?
How can ethnocentrism play into inappropriate relief efforts?
How can ethnocentrism affect how relief workers interact with local people? Is there a way to avoid ethnocentrism among relief workers and volunteers?
Why do you think that people donate items that are of no use?
Complex Humanitarian Emergency (CHE)
CHE: a humanitarian crisis in a country where there is a breakdown of authority stemming from internal and/or external conflict which demands an international response that goes beyond the mandate or capacity of a single agency.
Conflict
Lack of authority
Multi-org, int’l response
Complex Humanitarian Emergencies
Key Definitional Points
1. Multidimensional phenomena (accompanied by wars, human suffering – including forced migration, hunger, disease)
2. Man-made (natural disasters may act as a trigger to a CHE where conflict is ongoing)
Political or politicized crises (motives of key actors must be understood)
Complex Humanitarian Emergency (CHE)
Characteristics:
Civil conflict
Deteriorated authority
Mass movements of population
Dislocation of economic system
Decline in food security
Internally displaced, Syria
Civil Conflict
Hutus (farmers – 85%) & Tutsis (nomads – 14%)
Ethnicity cards 1916: Belgian colonial gov’t favored Tutsis
Riots 1959, independence 1962 Hutu government oppression
1994: Rwandan Patriotic Front (Tutsi-led refugees in Uganda) / plane shot down
Genocide of moderate Hutus and all Tutsis by extremist gov’t
Ethnic
Tribal
Religious
Colonial
Atrocities:
Rape
Torture
Genocide
Ethnic cleansing
Rwandan Genocide
Apr – Jul
1994
(Sources: PBS, UNHRC, BBC)
800,000 killed
2 million displaced
Rwanda
Deteriorated Authority
Lack of political control / order
Unclear who is in power
Public services disappear
Darfur: 2003 – Present (Sources: UN, Reuters)
Arab farmers & nomads
President Omar al-Bashir
Sudanese Liberation Army (SLA)
Justice and Equality Movement (JEM)
Janjaweed
400,000 dead
2.7 million displaced
Mass Movements / Migration
Refugee:
“Someone owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion, is outside of the country of his/her nationality, and is unable to, or owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail him/herself of the protection of that country”
IDP – Internally displaced person: Someone forced to flee his/her home and livelihood but still inside country of origin
http://storymaps.esri.com/stories/2015/refugee-crisis/
Syrian Crisis
Dislocation of Economy
GDP declines
Hyperinflation
Unemployment
Market collapse
Kuwaiti Oil Fires
Gulf War
Afghan War
Syria - March 2012
March 2014
25
Food Insecurity
Somalia Famine 2011
La Niña conditions
Al-Shabab militant Islamic group
Denial by Al-Shabab
Lack of government control
Lack of access
260,000 Deaths
Vulnerability
Reduced capacity of individuals or groups to resist and recovery from life-threatening hazards (most often connected to poverty)
Vulnerable populations include (not limited to)
Women (especially pregnant and nursing)
Children
Migrants
Displaced people
Social vulnerability in disasters is deeply rooted in historical context
Current social structures (lack of access to political power)
Uneven distribution of income
Types of Crises
Natural disasters
Man-made emergencies (armed conflicts, plane and train crashes, fire and industrial accidents)
Complex emergencies
Often a combination of man-made and natural elements
Vulnerability combines as a factor
Examples: food insecurity, armed conflicts, displaced populations
Characteristics
Extensive violence and loss of life
Displacements of populations
Widespread damage to societies and economies
The need for large-scale, multi-faceted humanitarian assistance
The hindrance or prevention of humanitarian assistance by political and military constraints
Significant security risks for humanitarian relief workers in some areas
Development
Development- the process of social and economic transformation through which the poorer countries of the world achieve the standards of living experienced in wealthier countries.
Changes in population composition
Changes in economic relationships
Implications for emergency management…
Demographic Transition Model
Stage 1
Hunting & Gathering
Agricultural Revolution
Stage 2
Industrial Revolution
Medical Revolution
Stage 3
Social Changes
Stage 4
- Lifestyle Changes
Stage 5 (?)
- Population Decline
Changes in Population Composition
Stage 1 – Low growth, low population
Stage 2 – High growth
Stage 3 – Moderate growth
Stage 4 – Low growth, high population
Zero population growth
Stage 5 – Declining population
More Developed
(MDCs)
Less Developed
(LDCs)
Changes in Population Composition
Cape Verde
Chile
Denmark
Japan
More Developed
(MDCs)
Less Developed
(LDCs)
Why are birth rates high early in DTM?
Lack of development / little or no education
Incorrect / lack of knowledge about contraception
Religious beliefs forbid contraception
Male chauvinism – no access to contraception
Son mania abortion of girls or infanticide
High infant mortality: b/c women have babies so rapidly their bodies cannot recover
# of children higher cultural status for women
Low status of women (forced sex, no education; no job; under male control)
Why are birth rates high early in DTM?
Lack of development / little or no education
Incorrect / lack of knowledge about contraception
Religious beliefs forbid contraception
Male chauvinism – no access to contraception
Son mania abortion of girls or infanticide
High IMR – b/c women have babies so rapidly their bodies cannot recover
# of children higher cultural status for women
Low status of women (forced sex, no education; no job; under male control)
Lack of gender equality
Human Development Index (HDI)
Longevity
Life expectancy at birth
Knowledge
Adult literacy rate
Primary, secondary, & post-secondary enrollment
Standard of Living
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita
http://hdr.undp.org/en/countries
Interactive HDI Map
Changes in Economic Relationships
Globalization- increasing connectedness
Global North
Global South
Costs of Development
Industrialization & urbanization natural & tech. disasters
Hazardous locales / density Exposure
Poverty / shoddy infrastructure Sensitivity
“Slums” – Mumbai, India
Industrial air pollution - China
Costs of Development
Favela - Brazil
Maquiladora
shantytown - Mexico
Makoko,
Floating City - Nigeria
Vulnerability in LDCs
Lack of:
Warning systems
Responder training
Economic resources
Availability of specialized assets
Confidence in gov’t mgmt. ability
Loss of social capital
Exposure
Sensitivity
Adaptive /
“Coping”
Capacity
LESS RESILIENCE
90% of disaster related casualties in countries with annual incomes below $760/yr
Source: UNICEF
40
Vulnerability
Exposure
Ex. If population and economic resources were not located in (exposed to) potentially dangerous setting, disaster risk would not exist
Sensitivity
Ex. A population relies on resources that can be affected by a hazard
Agricultural society on the coast – salt water incursion or lack of rain as climate patterns change
Adaptive Capacity
Ability of a system to adjust to moderate potential damages, take advantage of opportunities, cope with the consequences
