Pricing and Revenue management
Week 09 Workshop ‐ Demand Function
• Price‐demand relationship differ w.r.t. the degree of their elasticity
• The price elasticity refers to the relation of a relative change of volume given a relative change in price; it measures the slope of the curve:
Price Elasticity revisited
Price
Volume
Price
Volume Inelastic demand Elastic demand
volume percentage change in volume volume
pricepercentage change in price price
• The mean of price elasticities in B2C is ‐2.62, the median is ‐2.22, i.e., the relative volume change is more than twice as large as the relative price change
Empirical Distribution of Price Elasticities in B2C
* Bijmolt, van Heerde, Pieters (2005)
• Assume that the price of a product in year 1 is $1,200 and annual volume at this price total 5,000 units. The price in year 2 drops to $1,050 and annual volume reach 5,500 units. The price in year 3 drops to $990 and annual volume reach 10,000 units.
• For these price changes, we have the following elasticities: • For year 1 to year 2:
• For year 2 to year 3:
Example for Price Elasticity
• Sales volume of a product often depends not only on its own price but also on prices of other products. The degree of this dependency is measured by the cross‐price elasticity, which is defined as
• When are these two scenarios likely to happen?
Concept of Cross‐Price Elasticity
volume volumepercentage change in volume of product A
pricepercentage change in price of product B price
A
A AB
B
B
Price B
Volume A
Price B
Volume A
• The relationship between price and volume is described by the price response function • The price response function captures consumers’ reaction to different prices given their willingness to pay (and competitors’ prices)
Basics for Price Optimization
Price response function
• From the company’s perspective, the price‐volume relationship may look like this graph:
• The price response function describes the functional relation between price p and volume q: q=q(p); price is the independent variable whereas volume is the dependent variable
Price Response Functions ‐ Basics
• The most systematic way to represent a continuous curve is by means of a mathematical equation , e.g. volume=400‐300*price, or volume=400price‐2
• Different shapes are represented by different mathematical equations • Knowing the mathematical equation helps to predict volumes for prices that haven’t been observed yet and thus to optimize prices!
Mathematical Representation of Price Response Functions
Price
Volume
Price
Volume
Price
Volume
See Excel file PriceResponseFunction.xlsx, sheet “general”
• Have a look at the price response function of a manufacturer of t‐shirts. He knows that he can sell 3100 shirts for the price of $20, 1800 shirts for the price of $30, and 1200 shirts for the price of $40.
• The graphical representation of this relationship is given here:
• The task of the researcher is to find the mathematical specification of a curve that approximates this relationship best.
Different Mathematical Approximation Possible
$10 $20 $30 Price
Volume
2000
3000
1000
Possible approximations
Linear Price Response Function 1/2
a
p
Volume
-Elasticity
qq a bp
( ) ( ) q p p p bp
b b p q q a bp a bp
a/b
Mathematical representation:
Elasticity:
With q = volume, p = price, a & b = parameters to be estimated
See Excel file PriceResponseFunction.xlsx, sheet “linear”
This is the continuous
counterpart of the elasticity formula
Here: a>0, b>0
• Highest possible sales volume = ______ • Absolute change in sales resulting from a change in price by one unit = ______
• A higher absolute value of b implies a more / less price sensitive demand
• The “maximum price”, where no more sales volume occurs = ______
• The absolute change in volume due to a one unit change in price does / does not depend on the price level
• The price elasticity increases / decreases with price given b>0
Linear Price Response Function 2/2
q a bp
• Assume that the market research company found the following relationship between the price of your product and its sales volume:
• What is the highest possible volume level you can reach? • At what price will consumers stop buying? • How many units can you sell if you charge a price of $2? • What is the price elasticity at a price of $2? What is the price elasticity at a price of $4?
Example Linear Price Response Function
10, 000 2000q p
Multiplicative Price Response Function 1/2 Mathematical representation:
Elasticity:
bq ap
1 1( ) ( )b b b q p p p
bap bap b p q q ap
p
Volume -Elasticity
See Excel file PriceResponseFunction.xlsx, sheet “multiplicative”
Here: a>0, b<0 With q = volume, p = price, a & b = parameters to be estimated
• For a price close to zero, sales volume approaches __________
• A more negative value of b implies a more / less price sensitive demand
• Sales volume can never be zero • The absolute change in sales volume due to a one unit change in price depends / does not depend on the price level
• The price elasticity remains constant / changes with different price levels
Multiplicative Price Response Function 2/2
bq ap
• Assume that the market research company found the following relationship between the price of your product and its sales volume:
• Please illustrate the price‐volume relationship graphically! • How many units can you sell if you charge a price of $2? • What is the price elasticity at a price of $2? What is the price elasticity at a price of $4?
Example Multiplicative Price Response Function
210.000q p
Overview of Most Important Competitive Price Response Functions
No model is inherently superior; performance depends on data!
Model Dependent Variable
Formula Own elasticity Cross elasticity
Linear qA
Multiplicative qA b cA A Bq ap p
AA Bq a bp cp A
A A B
p b a bp cp
AB
A B
Bpc a bp cp
A b AB c