Pricing Executive Summary
Week 09 – Price Discovery
The Value Pricing Framework
Customer Value
Customer Value represents the total amount of money that the customer is willing to pay for the benefits received from the product.
1 Customer benefits are of two types: Functional, the main reason why the product was purchased, and Hedonic or the emotional benefits the customer receives. Together, they drive customer valuation of the product or service.
2 Customer value usually sets the ceiling or the highest possible price that can be charged for the product.
3
Functional and Hedonic Benefits
More likely to be related to costs and to be considered in pricing
May cost very little yet customers may be willing to pay a lot for these benefits. Managers often tend to ignore them
Value and Willingness‐To‐Pay
Mistake: Cost‐Plus Pricing
• With a “cost‐plus” mentality these products appear to be over priced. People value intangible benefits such as comfort, speed, convenience and indulgence, and therefore are prepared to pay significant amounts for it.
The 8 most ‘overpriced’ products?
Product characteristics on Customer Value
Market Research results source: Simon‐Kucher Project Example
The Customer Value Grid
Survey‐based method
Step 1): Unbundle the product into its features
Step 2): Understand the hedonic and functional benefits derived by customers from each product feature
Step 3): Ask customers to quantify the benefits in economic terms, that is, how much they are willing to pay for each benefit
Step 4): Add the economic value of each benefit to calculate the product’s total economic value to the customer.
• Answer the questions: What is the price that customers are willing to pay?
• Three methods • Conjoint Analysis (indirect method using tradeoffs between price and other attributes)
• Van Westendorp Price Sensitivity Meter (PSM) • Becker DeGroot Marschak procedure
Price Discovery Methods
• For all methods to answer the question: “What is the price that customers are willing to pay?”
• Consider using the following best practices • Choose respondents carefully – requires careful prior segment definition & target selection
• Describe product concept in detail. If available, show the product and let respondents try it or use it
• Simulate the customer purchase decision as well as you can (e.g., the process, the use of reference prices)
• Try to make the procedure “incentive‐compatible” – Respondents achieve the best outcome by acting according to their true preference.
Price Discover Method: Best Practices
Van Westendorp Price Sensitivity Meter (PSM) Price discovery
• Respondents are asked direct questions about the expected price in different contexts. The ‘real’ willingness‐to‐pay usually is close to what is considered to be an expensive price
• Example:
The Van Westndorp Price Sensitivity Meter
Set of four questions included as part of a concept test 1. At what price do you begin to perceive the product as so expensive that
you would not consider buying it? (Too expensive) 2. At what price do you begin to perceived the product as so inexpensive
that you would feel the quality cannot be very good? (Too inexpensive) 3. At what price do you perceive that the product is beginning to get
expensive, so that it is not out of the question, but you would have to give some thought to buying it? (Expensive)
4. At what price do you perceive the product to be a bargain – a great buy for the money? (Inexpensive)
The Van Westndorp Price Sensitivity Meter
The Van Westndorp Price Sensitivity Meter
Inexpensive Too Inexpensive
Expensive
The Indifference Price Point (IPP) is the point at which an equal number of respondents believe the test product is expensive as believe it is inexpensive
The Point of Marginal Cheapness (PMC) is the point at which an equal number of respondents believe the product is expensive as believe it is too inexpensive
Too Expensive
The Point of Marginal Expensiveness (PME) is the point at which an equal number of respondents believe the test product is too expensive as believe it is inexpensive
The Optimal Price Point (OPP) is the point at which an equal number of respondents believe the product is too expensive as believe it is too inexpensive
• Van Westendorp results can be used to calculate a ‘normal’ and ‘penetration’ price.
• Example:
Van Westndorp Price Sensitivity Meter ‐ Result
Van Westendorp PSM Interpretations
The IPP reflects either the median price actually paid by consumers already in the market or the price of the market leader
1 The range of prices between the PMC and PME is the range of acceptable prices. In well‐ established markets, few competitive products will be outside this range.
2 The OPP is the optimal price that the seller should set as recommended by this method
3
Steps in Conducting VWPSM Exercise (see VWPSM Exercise.xlsx)
In Excel: 1) Use “countif” function
or
2) Insert ‘Pivot Table’
<Step 1. Data collection> <Step 2. Count responses for each price category>
Steps in Conducting VWPSM Exercise (see VWPSM Exercise.xlsx)
Total 104 responses.
Formula for $13 as TooInexpensive =1‐1/104 = 0.9903846
Formula for $13 as TooExpensive = 0/104 = 0
<Step 3. Compute Cumulative Sum> <Step 4. Compute proportion of people>
Steps in Conducting VWPSM Exercise
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
$13 $14 $15 $16 $17 $18 $19 $20 $21 $22 $23 $24 $25 $26 $27 $28 $29 $30 $31 $32 $33 $34 $35 $36 $37 $38 $39 $40 $41 $42 $43 $44 $45 $46
TooInexpensive InExpensive Expensive TooExpensive
1. Not based on sound behavioral theory – it’s an applied procedure 2. Does not try to replicate the actual shopping process (unlike conjoint
analysis) 3. Results will depend on respondents’ experience with price levels in the
market 4. Concerns with asking customers directly regarding price. Focus should be
on behavior, not price 5. Consumer‐defined prices may not correspond with the actual range of
acceptable product prices from manager’s perspective
Problems with the Van Westendorp PSM
Some Notes
Van Westendorp notes: “A word of caution is in order: price consciousness of this nature should never be equated with propensity to buy. One can be fully conscious that a product is “expensive” and yet prefer it over a cheaper alternative.”
MarketVision Research notes: “Despite the concerns, the PSM remains a simple method; it is both easy to execute and easy to understand. Although we never recommend the PSM as a method for definitively selecting the price of a product, it can be used as a tool for gauging consumers’ price perceptions and expectations.”
The Becker‐DeGroot‐Marschak Procedure (BDM) Price Discovery
• Widely employed incentive compatible mechanism used to elicit consumer’s willingness‐to‐pay • Step 1: Show product and inform consumer of distribution of prices at which product may be purchased
• Step 2: Consumer indicates a reservation price for product • Step 3: Price drawn from announced distribution, termed “realized price”
• Step 4: If the reservation price is higher than realized price, they obtain the product and pays realized price, otherwise they walk away.
Becker‐DeGroot‐Marschak (BDM) Procedure
BDM – Step 1
“You will now have a chance to buy a bar of Valrhona Noir Extra Amer 85% Cacao chocolate bar. To determine its price, we will use the BDM procedure. You will have one chance to pick a price that you are willing to pay. After you have indicated this price, a random number generator will produce a price with the following distribution:”
• You can choose any distribution but it should be clearly explained to the consumer. Normal and Uniform distributions are commonly used.
• How will you pick? Range?
BDM – Picking a distribution
a b
Normal distribution Uniform distribution
• Consumer picks the maximum price they are willing to pay (to maximize the chance of getting the product)
• The random number is then drawn. “If the number you chose is higher than or equal to the number generated from this distribution, you will get the bar of chocolate and pay the amount equal to the random number. If the number you chose is lower than the number generated from this distribution, you will not get the chocolate and pay nothing. Note that the BDM procedure is such that your best response is to write down the maximum amount you are willing to pay for the chocolate – not a penny more, and not a penny less.”
BDM – Steps 2 and 3
Conjoint Analysis – We Know it!!! See Week 6 lecture and workshop for detail
• Another important property of Customer Value is that it is not stable • It changes in predictable ways that should guide pricing decisions • Understanding when customer value increases and the triggers of value increase provides useful information for effective pricing decisions
Instability of Customer Value
Demand for Chocolate
When would it make sense to charge high prices? And to offer discounts?
Demand for Chocolate
Coupons
Demand for Chocolate
High/Full Prices
• Manage price levels using a pricing structure so that they coincide with predictable shifts in customer value.
• Identify value triggers of customers. What makes value go up and down? Minimize incentives during periods of high value.
Key Insights
• Case 4: SafeBlend Fracturing (4 Oct) • B2B pricing • Submit case report before due (please submit early!!!)
• Lecture & Workshop (11 Oct) • Price bundling • Lecture wrap‐up
• Case 5: Culinarian Cookware (18 Oct) • Final case write‐up & summary
• Final Executive Summary (20%, Due: 5pm Friday 25 Oct, 2019) • Read Portfolio Summary Note instructions from UTSOnline.
Next weeks