anthro western
oliviaxoxlol
Week07Egypt02.pptx3/12/2016
1
Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke
Ancient Egypt
Week 07
Lecture 03 – Ancient Egypt
Religion and Philosophy
Medicine
Last updated 27 March, 2017
This slideshow was last updated 12 March, 2016
2
Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke
Week 07 Ancient Egypt
The learning objectives for week 07 are:
to appreciate the nonwestern origins of writing and the alphabet
to understand what scholars know about the ancient pyramids
to know a few basic facts about life in ancient Egypt
to appreciate some of the major medical advances made in ancient Egypt
to understand the likely Egyptian influences on the Judeo-Christian tradition
3
Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke
Week 07 Ancient Egypt
Terms you should know for week 07 are:
Hieroglyph
Cartouche
Rosetta Stone
Kufu pyramid
Monotheism (origins)
4
Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke
Week 07 Lecture 02 Ancient Egypt and
the Pyramids
Sources:
Allen, James P. 2005. The Art of Medicine in Ancient Egypt. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art and Yale University Press. Published in conjunction with the exhibition “The Art of Medicine in Ancient Egypt,” held at the MMA New York from September 13, 2005 to January 15, 2006
Breasted, James Henry. 1933. The Dawn of Conscience. New York: Simon & Schuster. Excerpted as Egypt’s Moral Legacy: The Impact on Early Judaism. In Turning Points in World History: Ancient Egyptian Civilization, edited by Brenda Stalcup. San Diego CA: Greenwood Press, pages 196–208.
Hurry, Jamieson B. 1926. Imhotep: The Vizier and Physician of King Zoser. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Mininberg, David T. 2006. Gallery lecture on The Art of Medicine in Ancient Egypt. 10 January 2006;
Nunn, John F. 1996. Ancient Egyptian Medicine. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press by special arrangement with the British Museum Press.
Smith, W. Stevenson. 1958. The Art and Architecture of Ancient Egypt. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Trigger, B. G., B. J. Kemp, D. O’Conner and A. B. Lloyd. 1983. Ancient Egypt: A Social History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Zaslavsky, Claudia. 1990 [1973]. Africa Counts: Number and Pattern in African Culture. Brooklyn, New York: Lawrence Hill Books. Page 22
3/27/2017
5
Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke
Ancient Egyptian Religion and Philosophy
Overview
Osiris and Isis story
Pharaohs and pyramids
Influences on Judeo-Christian beliefs?
Body and soul
Lesser gods and goddesses
3/27/2017
6
Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke
Ancient Egyptian Religion and Philosophy
The Osiris and Isis Story
Osiris, son of Amun-Ra, the sun god, was murdered by Seth, his jealous brother. Seth cut up Osiris' corpse into several (sometimes 14) pieces and scattered them across Egypt.
3/27/2017
7
Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke
Ancient Egyptian Religion and Philosophy
The Osiris and Isis Story
Isis, sister and wife of Osiris, painstakingly found and reassembled the body parts, wrapped them in mummy cloth and resurrected him long enough to climb on his erect phallus and become pregnant with Horus.
3/27/2017
8
Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke
Ancient Egyptian Religion and Philosophy
The Osiris and Isis Story
Osiris then became god of the night sky and of the realm of the dead.
Horus eventually kills Seth to avenge the murder of Osiris.
3/27/2017
9
Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke
Ancient Egyptian Religion and Philosophy
The Osiris and Isis Story
Each living pharaoh took on the identity of Horus, and became Osiris at death. A cult of worshipers of Isis became widespread for thousands of years, and was well established in Roman times.
3/27/2017
10
Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke
Ancient Egyptian Religion and Philosophy
The Osiris and Isis Story
It may have influenced the development of early Christian ideas about Mary and Jesus.
The Da Vinci Code novel contains speculations about the possibility that Jesus and Mary Magdalene were part of an Isis cult.
3/27/2017
11
Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke
Ancient Egyptian Religion and Philosophy
As we noted in previous slides about the pyramids – pharaohs were gods as well as humans
Burial in pyramids established their connection to the realm of the dead
May be star connections as well
3/27/2017
12
Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke
Ancient Egyptian Religion and Philosophy
Judeo-Christian Influences?
Ancient Egyptian religion is more than 1,000 years older than earliest known Judeo-Christian writings
Ancient Egyptians first known culture to imagine reunification of “soul” with body after a period after death
3/27/2017
13
Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke
Ancient Egyptian Religion and Philosophy
Judeo-Christian Influences?
Earliest known Egyptian gods/goddesses were elements of nature.
Early parts of Old Testament: God as fire and/or as volcano
3/27/2017
14
Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke
Ancient Egyptian Religion and Philosophy
Judeo-Christian Influences?
Egyptians among the earliest known people to develop belief in anthropomorphic (human form) gods/ goddesses.
This is a major feature of the Judeo-Christian tradition: God as father, king, judge, shepard
3/27/2017
15
Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke
Ancient Egyptian Religion and Philosophy
Judeo-Christian Influences?
Early Egyptian anthropomorphic deities had a transitional quality, keeping parts of animals mixed with humans. Thus the anthropomorphic god Horus often has a falcon's head. (A falcon god called Horus was also known in ancient Egypt.)
3/27/2017
16
Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke
Ancient Egyptian Religion and Philosophy
Judeo-Christian Influences?
The Egyptian creation story begins with a dark, watery void, probably a reference to the Nile flood. Atum, the creator, rises out of the waters and creates all living things. The Genesis creation story two thousand years later has strikingly similar elements.
3/27/2017
17
Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke
Ancient Egyptian Religion and Philosophy
Judeo-Christian Influences?
Some of Egypt's gods and goddesses came down from "heaven" to earth to perform particular tasks – another possible precursor of later Christian ideas.
3/27/2017
18
Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke
Ancient Egyptian Religion and Philosophy
Soul in Ancient Egypt
Egyptians developed complex ideas about soul
1. One's namewhich had some power of its own
2. One's shadowreflecting the ability to procreate
3. One's Baan animating force that could fly to places the body could not visit outside the tomb
3/27/2017
19
Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke
Soul in Ancient Egypt
4. One's Akha supernatural power attained only after death
5. One's Kathe spirit after death, perhaps the personality of the eternal identity of the individual; during one's life it played some role not yet well understood by modern observers. A person's tomb was known as the "house of his/her ka."
3/27/2017
20
Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke
Ancient Egyptian Religion and Philosophy
Lesser gods and goddesses
Egyptian religion developed and changed somewhat over the 3,000 years of its existence, so other versions of the Osiris story are found, as are other gods, goddesses, cults, and beliefs.
3/27/2017
21
Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke
Ancient Egyptian Religion and Philosophy
Lesser gods and goddesses
Ptah: patron of craftsmen
Thoth: patron of scribes; god of mathematics
Hathor: goddess of love and childbirth
Maat: goddess of truth, justice, and order; maat later became an abstract principle of truth and justice
3/27/2017
22
Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke
Ancient Egyptian Religion and Philosophy
Judeo-Christian Influences?
Egypt the first culture historically to adopt monotheism
In 18th dynasty in reign of pharaoh Akhenaten
3/27/2017
23
Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke
Influences on Judeo-Christian Tradition?
Reigned about 1353 BC to 1336 BC
Combined Atum, Ra, and Horus into one god called “Atum”
3/27/2017
24
Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke
Ancient Egyptian Religion and Philosophy
Also famous because of wife Nefertiti
Her bust in Berlin museum considered one of finest remains from antiquity
3/27/2017
25
Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke
Ancient Egyptian Religion and Philosophy
Influences on Judeo-Christian Tradition?
Akhenaten’s monotheism at least 100 years before Moses wrote down first five books of Old Testament
Name Moses is Egyptian word (Moishe) for “child”
Moses grew up and was educated in Egypt
3/27/2017
26
Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke
Ancient Egyptian Religion and Philosophy
Influences on Judeo-Christian Tradition?
Passages in Book of Proverbs and other Old Testament writings virtual quotes from earlier Egyptian writings
Especially from Egyptian text called “Maxims of Amenemope,” written 1,500 years before Bible
3/27/2017
27
Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke
Ancient Egyptian Religion and Philosophy
Influences on Judeo-Christian Tradition?
More info –
Breasted, James Henry. 1933. The Dawn of Conscience. New York: Simon & Schuster.
Excerpted as Egypt’s Moral Legacy: The Impact on Early Judaism. In Turning Points in World History: Ancient Egyptian Civilization, edited by Brenda Stalcup. San Diego CA: Greenwood Press, pages 196–208.
3/27/2017
28
Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke
Ancient Egyptian Medicine
Ancient Egypt was the most medically advanced culture of its time. Many of the practices developed by Egyptian physicians, physician-priests, and magicians laid the basis for modern medicine, being passed through the Greeks and other later cultures.
3/27/2017
29
Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke
Ancient Egyptian Medicine
1. Much of our knowledge of ancient Egyptian medicine comes from the Edwin Smith Papyrus, a document from 1600 BC that laid in various storehouses in New York for the past 100 years.
3/27/2017
30
Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke
Ancient Egyptian Medicine
Recently exhibited for the first time in centuries, it provides 48 medical cases with diagnoses and suggested cures.
Sources for the next several slides: Allen, James P. 2005. The Art of Medicine in Ancient Egypt. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art and Yale University Press. Published in conjunction with the exhibition “The Art of Medicine in Ancient Egypt,” held at the MMA New York from September 13, 2005 to January 15, 2006; Mininberg, David T. 2006. Gallery lecture on The Art of Medicine in Ancient Egypt. 10 January 2006; Nunn, John F. 1996. Ancient Egyptian Medicine. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press by special arrangement with the British Museum Press.
3/27/2017
31
Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke
Ancient Egyptian Medicine
3/27/2017
32
Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke
Ancient Egyptian Medicine
2. Knowledge of the medicinal properties of the lotus – also a sacred object in ancient Egypt. They would grind up the roots and swallow as a pain killer. Modern scientists have discovered that lotus roots contain a morphine-like substance.
3/27/2017
33
Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke
Ancient Egyptian Medicine
3. The use of honey and of raw meat to heal wounds. Both are osmotics – they suck up moisture and speed healing – they both have enzymes that aid in healing, and honey has antibiotic properties.
3/27/2017
34
Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke
Ancient Egyptian Medicine
4. Knowledge of the pain killing and sedating properties of opium itself, which the Egyptians imported.
3/27/2017
35
Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke
Ancient Egyptian Medicine
5. Use of pomegranate seeds as a contraceptive. They turn out to contain estrogenic chemicals similar to the modern birth control pill.
Glass jars for pomegranate seeds or root grounds, New Kingdom 1280–1080 BC →
3/27/2017
36
Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke
Ancient Egyptian Medicine
6. Use of ground up pomegranate roots that contain peletrin, an antiparasite. Infections and parasites were common problems for ancient Egyptians.
3/27/2017
37
Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke
Ancient Egyptian Medicine
7. Use of lead- and copper-based black paint under the eyes to cut down on glare (just like modern baseball players). The galena (lead sulfide) also killed flies that caused river blindness – a serious disease in ancient Egypt.
3/27/2017
38
Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke
Ancient Egyptian Medicine
8. Ancient Egyptians had medical schools where doctors were trained from textbooks and took exams to get certified.
9. There were apparently several types of specialists including gastroenterologists, obgyns, dentists, nurses, pharmacists and proctologists. Several known physicians were women.
3/27/2017
39
Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke
Ancient Egyptian Medicine
10. Perhaps because of their mummification experience, Egyptians possessed substantial anatomical knowledge and developed a detailed specialist terminology for parts of the body including various bones and internal organs.
Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke
Mummification
10a. 2017 Update: The ancient Peruvians developed mummification 7,000 years ago, way before the Egyptians 3,500 years ago. These two cultures independently created this means of preserving – and understanding – features of the human body.
This slide was added on 27 March, 2017
40
See the New York Times article of 23 March, 2017 about Peruvian and Egyptian mummies:
Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke
Mummification
10b. 2017 Update: The ancient Peruvians used their mummies in ceremonies where bringing back the ancestors was important.
The Egyptians put their mummies in tombs where they were to be preserved for the eternal afterlife.
This slide was added on 27 March, 2017
41
Peruvian mummies
See the New York Times article of 23 March, 2017 about Peruvian and Egyptian mummies:
3/27/2017
42
Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke
Ancient Egyptian Medicine
11. The Edwin Smith Papyrus contains the first known description of the physical characteristics of the human brain.
3/27/2017
43
Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke
Ancient Egyptian Medicine
12. Disease prevention: Ancient Egyptians were aware of the importance of washing the body with water, but they did not understand germs.
← Washing bowl with human feet. The bowl mimics the hieroglyph for “clean” and the tilt indicates that the water should be poured onto the body.
3/27/2017
44
Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke
Ancient Egyptian Medicine
13. Egyptian physicians did not develop surgery to anywhere near the level of the ancient Native Americans (discussed earlier in the course).
3/27/2017
45
Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke
Ancient Egyptian Medicine
14. Medicine and religion were closely connected. Many physicians were also priests and could administer chants and spells as well as ointments or powders.
15. Sekhmet was the goddess of medicine in ancient Egypt.
3/27/2017
46
Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke
Ancient Egyptian Medicine
16. Taweret, the female hippopotamus was the guardian of women during pregnancy and childbirth.
Taweret figurine, 300 BC–30 BC →
46
Sources: Allen, James P. 2005. The Art of Medicine in Ancient Egypt. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art and Yale University Press. Published in conjunction with the exhibition “The Art of Medicine in Ancient Egypt,” held at the MMA New York from September 13, 2005 to January 15, 2006;Mininberg, David T. 2006. Gallery lecture on The Art of Medicine in Ancient Egypt. 10 January 2006; Nunn, John F. 1996. Ancient Egyptian Medicine. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press by special arrangement with the British Museum Press.
3/27/2017
47
Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke
Ancient Egyptian Medicine
End of Week 07
Lecture 03 on Egyptian
Religion
Philosophy
Medicine
