Pricing Executive Summary
Week 02 Pricing Methods
https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019‐07‐ 30/how‐online‐food‐deliver‐reshaped‐ the‐restaurant‐market/11363332
• Have a chat with each other to decide whether this phenomenon provides restaurants good potential or doom.
• Use your mobile phone or laptop to access www.zeetings.com/kkwak • Select your answer. You can only select one answer. Please have a comprehensive thought before selecting your answer.
• You can have a chat with each other. • Once you submit, you may be able to say your reason of selection in ‘activity’.
Good or Bad?
Today’s topics
• Cost‐plus pricing • Value‐based pricing
Cost‐Based Pricing
• It is widely criticized, but is still, by far, the most commonly used pricing method. • 75% of restaurants use it, 60% of manufacturers. • Retailers commonly use “double markup” adding margin of 100% on their wholesale cost.
• Restaurants have established benchmarks, 2X for food, 5X for liquor, and so on.
• The logic of cost‐based pricing is simple: Price every product to deliver a fair return over costs, fully and fairly allocated.
Cost‐Based Pricing Example
• ABC Navigation Systems has a contract to supply the US Air Force with advanced aircraft navigational equipment. Under contract terms, price of each navigational unit to be paid by the USAF is calculated as follows: • Variable cost (labor, components, electricity, etc.) = $10,000 • Allocated fixed costs (salaries, insurance, R&D, building heat, debt service, maintenance, etc.) = $8,000
• Contract guarantees 15 percent profit • Unit price = ($10,000 + $8,000) * (1 + 0.15) = $20,700
Break‐even point (volume)
𝐵𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝐹𝑖𝑥𝑒𝑑 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡
𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡
Cost‐Plus Pricing in Distribution Channels
Manufacturer’s price = $10.00
Cost to acquire: $10.00 Markup: $2 (20%)
Wholesale Price = $12.00
Cost to acquire: $12.00 Markup: $12 (100%) Retail Price = $24.00
Consumers
Retailer
Wholesaler
Manufacturer
Advantages of Cost‐Based Pricing
It is simple. Line employees can implement it with moderate training.
1 It is easy to explain and justify. This pricing method can be described and defended easily to employees and customers.
2 It stabilizes market prices. When all competitors have similar cost structures, and use it, prices remain stable.
3 It encourages customers to focus on quality. Prices tend to correlate to quality.
4
Source: Dholakia, When cost‐plus pricing is a good idea, Harvard Business Review, 2018
Weakness of Cost‐Based Pricing
It encourages inefficiency. There is a disincentive to be efficient and to lower costs. Reducing costs will decrease revenues and total profits.
1 It ignores customer value and reference prices. This can be dangerous, because it can either results in prices no one is willing to pay, or leave a lot of money on the table.
2 It creates a false sense of complacency. Managers think they cannot lose money when they use cost‐based pricing, which is not the case.
3
Source: Dholakia, When cost‐plus pricing is a good idea, Harvard Business Review, 2018
Problems with Cost‐Plus Pricing
• In most industries, it is impossible to determine a product’s unit cost before determining its price
• Unit costs are dependent on volume! • Wang Laboratory case
• Introduced in 1976, word processor was very successful. By mid‐1980s, PCs became viable competitors. As competition increased and growth slowed, cost‐driven pricing strategy accelerated the Wang’s decline
• Price affects sales volume, sales volume affects costs
Price Sales
Cost‐Plus Pricing in Strong Markets
• Cost‐based price serves as a cap on price if it can be easily achieved • Toyota Prius launch case‐study
• In June 2004, the backlog for 2004 Toyota Prius reached 22,000 in the US. • As of April 2004, the expected delivery time for Prius in the Netherlands was one year.
• As of March 2004, the waiting list at a Sonoma County, California dealership was over 100 people long
• Price at the time: MSRP = $19,995, Invoice = $18,411; Dealer priced $6 to $8K higher (“fair market adjustment”)
• How about BTS concert tickets? Holiday bestseller toys? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YVVRMRRxGGg
Source: Forget Rebates: The Hybrid‐Car Markup, by Sholnn Freeman, WSJ, June 10, 2004
Cost‐Plus Pricing
• Leads to over‐pricing in weak markets and underpricing in strong ones
• Cost‐based price still does not provide a guarantee of covering fixed costs
• The underlying logic is flawed • But most importantly, firm can do better with other pricing strategies
Source: Dholakia, When cost‐plus pricing is a good idea, Harvard Business Review, 2018
The Value Pricing Framework
Source: Dholakia, How to price effectively, 2017
Customer Value
• Customer Value is the total amount of money that the customer is willing to pay for the benefits received from the product.
• For pricing, each customer benefit should be equated to dollars and cents that customers are willing to pay (WTP) for it. • Benefit 1 + Benefit 2 + ….. = WTP 1 + WTP 2 + … = Total WTP
• Customer value sets the ceiling or the highest possible price that can be charged for the product.
• Understanding customer value requires an understanding of the types and number of benefits customers receive from the product and the product/ service features that contribute.
Source: Dholakia, How to price effectively, 2017 Sell me this pen!
Value‐Based Pricing
Source: Dholakia, How to price effectively, 2017
1. Identify the target customer
2. Determine competitive offers & the focal competitor
3. Conduct head‐to‐head comparison
4. Identify differentiators & deficiencies
5. Assess their economic value
6. Calculate the value‐based price
• Product: Listing a vacation rental house on a beach to rent on Airbnb.com by the week. What should its price be?
Value‐based Pricing: Vacation Rental
Sources: How to price effectively, Chapter 10; The 1% Solution, Rafi Mohammed
• Product: Listing a vacation rental house on a beach to rent on airbnb.com by the week. What should its price be?
• Step 1: Identify target customers. Vacationers. Airbnb users.
Value‐Based Pricing: Vacation Rental
Sources: How to price effectively, Chapter 10; The 1% Solution, Rafi Mohammed
• Product: Listing a vacation rental house on a beach to rent on airbnb.com by the week. What should its price be?
• Step 2: Determine competitive offers & the focal competitor. Neighboring beach houses. Their listing price is a starting point.
Value‐Based Pricing: Vacation Rental
Sources: How to price effectively, Chapter 10; The 1% Solution, Rafi Mohammed
Your House
Neighbor’s rental price?
• Product: Listing a vacation rental house on a beach to rent on airbnb.com by the week. What should its price be?
• Step 3: Conduct head‐to‐head comparison. Collect information on features of your beach house & neighboring houses.
Value‐Based Pricing: Vacation Rental
Sources: How to price effectively, Chapter 10; The 1% Solution, Rafi Mohammed
Your House
Neighbor’s rental price?Feature Neighbor You
Bedrooms 2 2
Bathrooms 1 1
Kitchen yes yes
Internet yes yes
Pool no yes
• Product: Listing a vacation rental house on a beach to rent on airbnb.com by the week. What should its price be?
• Step 4: Identify differentiators and deficiencies. Your house as a pool, the next door one does not.
Value‐Based Pricing: Vacation Rental
Sources: How to price effectively, Chapter 10; The 1% Solution, Rafi Mohammed
Your House
Neighbor’s rental price?Feature Neighbor You
Bedrooms 2 2
Bathrooms 1 1
Kitchen yes yes
Internet yes yes
Pool no yes
• Product: Listing a vacation rental house on a beach to rent on airbnb.com by the week. What should its price be?
• Step 5: Assess their economic value. Vacationer will pay a 20% premium on weekly rental for the pool.
Value‐Based Pricing: Vacation Rental
Sources: How to price effectively, Chapter 10; The 1% Solution, Rafi Mohammed
$750 = Reference value (includes all features that are common to the two houses)
$900 = Positive differentiation value (the value of your pool to the renter)
Neighbor’s rental price
Your maximum price
• Product: Listing a vacation rental house on a beach to rent on airbnb.com by the week. What should its price be?
• Step 6: Calculate the value‐based price. Is the neighbor’s price realistic? Can I make money at this price? Can I at least cover variable costs?
Value‐Based Pricing: Vacation Rental
Sources: How to price effectively, Chapter 10; The 1% Solution, Rafi Mohammed
$825 = Value‐based price (after sharing differential value 50‐50)
Value‐Based Price for a Vacation House Weekly Rental
$750 = Reference value (includes all features that are common to the two houses)
$900 = Positive differentiation value (of having a pool)
Costs
Neighbor’s rental price
Your maximum price
Dyna‐Test Case Study
• Dyna‐Test synthesizes a complementary DNA strand from an existing DNA sample, significantly reducing DNA molecule degradation & enhancing precision of a DNA analysis.
• Preserves sample integrity much longer than EnSyn, improving DNA test yields and accuracy in a variety of applications.
• Applications in pharma companies, university labs, criminal investigations, etc. • Value Driver 1: Provides greater yield of cDNA, reduces # of experiments needed to find relevant portions of DNA, shaves off a week’s valuable research time on average.
• Value Driver 2: Saves 16 hours of processing labor per test. • Value Driver 3: Higher quality saves 2 hours of quality control procedures. • Value Driver 4: Reduces need for starter samples , reduces need for search, applicable in about 10 % of cases.
• Value Driver 5: Eliminates need to repeat test in 10% of cases. • How to calculate total economic value of Dyna‐Test?
• Value Driver 1 (Greater yield): Considering revenues and R&D costs, each target test is worth $82,000. With a 260‐day work‐year (2,100 hours), the value of target test is $39 per hour. The researcher can devote a week to another new drug, resulting in $1,560 saving (= $39 x 40 hours).
• Value Driver 2 (Yield labor saving): 16 hours x $24 per hour (salary) = $384 • Value Driver 3 (Quality Control Labor savings): 2 hours x $24 per hour = $48 • Value Driver 4 (Sample Size Opportunity costs): 10% of cost of searching new material ($4,680) = $468
• Value Driver 5 (Sample Size labor savings): $24 per hour x 16 hours research labor time x 10% of savings = $38
Dyna‐Test Case Study
Dyna‐Test Case Study Monetary Value Estimation for Commercial Buyers
Sources: Nagle, Hogan and Zale, 5th edition, Chapter 2
Yield Opportunity Costs ($1,560 = $39 x 40 hrs)
Yield Labour savings ($384 = $24 x 16hrs)
QC Labour savings ($48 = $24 x 2hrs)
Sample Size Opportunity Costs ($468 = 10% x $4,680)
Sample Size labor savings ($38 = 10% x $24 x 16hrs)
Dyna‐Test Case Study Monetary Value Estimation for Academic & Government Buyers
Sources: Nagle, Hogan and Zale, 5th edition, Chapter 2
Dyna‐Test Case Study Monetary Value Profile for Dyna‐Test
Sources: Nagle, Hogan and Zale, 5th edition, Chapter 2
$30 Reference Value
Courts and Law Enforcement Agencies
Academic Research Labs
Pharmaceutical Drug Discovery
Clinical Services (paternity,
inheritance, infidelity)
Immigration
$1,655
$2,500
$400
Millions of kits of market potential
E co
no m
ic V
al ue
p er
K it
$900
$1,300
$30 Reference Value
Courts and Law Enforcement Agencies
Academic Research Labs
Pharmaceutical Drug Discovery
Clinical Services (paternity,
inheritance, infidelity)
Immigration
$1,655
$2,500
$400
Millions of kits of market potential
E co
no m
ic V
al ue
p er
K it
$900
$1,300
• Atlantic Computer Case (Workshops) • Case report is due in workshop. • Submit a hard copy of the report (No fancy binding or colour printing is required. Simple staple with your student ID and Name is required)
• NO Lecture unless demanded
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