Pricing Executive Summary
Week 01 Introduction to the Fundamentals of Pricing
https://www.smh.com.au/business/consumer‐affairs/vodafone‐to‐pay‐back‐customers‐misled‐into‐buying‐ringtones‐games‐20190716‐p527lr.html
Today’s topics
• Pricing as a marketing mix element • Factors affecting pricing decisions • The Value Pricing Framework
The Commercial Exchange
Seller Buyer Product
Something in exchange
‐ Product: goods or service ‐ Buyer: consumer or business customer ‐ Something in exchange: Price
Source: adapted from W. M. Pride and O. C. Ferrell, Marketing: Concepts and Strategies
Q: Examples of ‘Price’? Other names of ‘Price’?
Early Pricing Practice
Source: https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article‐3665939/Ancient‐workers‐paid‐BEER‐Clay‐tablet‐one‐cities‐world‐s‐payslip.html
Early Pricing Practice
• In the past, items such as cattle, seashells, dried cod, and tobacco have been used as a medium of exchange
‐‐ excerpt from Adam Smith (1776), ‘The Wealth of Nations’
The man who wanted to buy salt, for example, and had nothing but cattle to give in exchange for it, must have been obliged to buy salt to the value of a whole ox, or a whole sheep, at a time. He could seldom buy less than this, because what he was to give for it could seldom be divided without loss…
Pricing as an Element of the Marketing Mix
• Product – designing, naming and packaging goods and/or services that satisfy customer needs
• Distribution (Place) – efforts to make the product available at the times and places that customers want
• Promotion – communicating about the product and/or the organization that produces it
• Pricing – determining what must be provided by a customer in return for the product
Create Value
Harvests Value
Q. What are objectives of adopting a pricing strategy? What is a good pricing decision?
Critical Nature of Pricing
• Many pricing studies confirms that pricing is the most powerful profit lever amongst marketing tools
• McKinsey Global 1200 pricing study found that increasing prices by just 1% (without changing cost inputs or sales) would raise the average company’s operating profit by 8.7%
• 1% improvement in price realization would have increased the profitability of DuPont by 7.4%, of Nike by 10.2%, of Boeing by 18.9% and of Walmart by over 27%, while
• 1% improvement 1) in sales leads to 2.8% increase in profit; 2) in variable costs leads to 5.9% profit increase; 3) in fixed cost leads to 1.8% profit increase.
Sales Volume vs Profit?
What determines how much you will pay?
For a new t‐shirt? Vs
For a new car?
Perception of how much value captured
Source: Reprinted from Harvard Business School, “Outotec (A), Project Capture,” HBS No. 514-064 by Robert J. Dolan and Douglas J. Chung
Two fundamental elements of value pricing 1) Value orientation – a focus on the
economic value created by an organization’s product for a given customer
2) A set of process to capture a portion of that value for the firm
The Value Pricing Framework
Value pricing framework is a structured, versatile, and comprehensive method for
making good pricing decisions and executing them
Four Pillars of Value Pricing
• Costs are the most commonly recognized factor in a pricing strategy and usually set the floor on prices.
• Customer value is the total amount of money that the customer is willing to pay for functional and hedonic benefits received from the product. It set the ceiling or the highest possible prices that can be charged for the product.
• Customers compare a price to other reference prices including competitor’s prices, the company’s historical prices, and other prices that the customer may encounter before purchase.
• The value proposition is the formal expression of the firm’s marketing strategy, describing the significance of the product’s unique characteristics relative to competitors. It provides guidelines and sets constraints for pricing activities.
Pricing Strategy
Marketing Strategy
Co st s
Cu st om
er V al ue
Re fe re nc e Pr ic es
Va lu e Pr op
os iti on
Pricing example
$0 Variable Cost
(Ceiling)(Floor)
xx% margin (Markup pricing)
Price to achieve $10 mil a year
(Target‐return pricing)
Perceived‐Value price
‐ Minimum price (floor) = Variable Cost ‐ Maximum price (Ceiling) depends on your product’s value generated for your customer. It could be
average competitor price or maximum competitor’s price or higher. ‐ Company’s value proposition governs weights of each price point in deciding final price.
Historical Price
Competitor 1 Price
Competitor 2 Price
Range of reasonable prices
Reference Prices
Value Proposition
How does value proposition influence pricing decisions?
Source: Urbany and Davis, “Strategic Insight in Three Circles,” HBR, Nov 2007
Company’s offerings Customer’s needs
Competitor’s offerings
F E A
B
D C
G
Our points of
difference
White space
Points of Parity Their
points of difference
Point of difference (PODs) – Unique aspects of the product that consumers desire and the company provides, but competitions don’t have.
Identify the value you could offer and turn actual value into perceived value.
Value Pricing Thermometer
Source: Adapted and reprinted from “Principles of Pricing,” HBS No. 506-021 by Robert J. Dolan and John T. Gourville.
True Economic Value (TEV) is the value that a fully informed buyer would or should ascribe to the product. Different customers obtain different TEVs from the very same product.
Perceived Value (PV) of the product in the mind of the customer is less than the TEV. The firm has the potential to influence PV via its marketing efforts.
New Prices or Changing Existing Prices
• Pricing an entirely new product – Focus on customer value and the company’s value proposition
• Pricing a new version of an existing product – Decide whether the price increment is worth paying for
• Changing the price in response to changing business characteristics – Prices change to the extent that costs and reference prices are weighted more heavily by the company in its decision calculus
• Changing the price to meet changing customer preferences – Focus primarily on understanding how customer value has changed
Price Execution and Realization Gap
• Good pricing decision does not always result in good result because customers pay different price from what is meant to be paid.
• E.g., List price of 2017 Toyota Prius was USD30,960, but customer only paid USD28,352 8.4% realization gap
• The price realization gap occurs because of • Not knowing what the gap is, and how and what amounts of incentives customers are receiving;
• Responsible managers who are executing prices • External factors outside the domain or responsibility of managers and the company’s pricing guidelines.
How Does Airline Price Flights?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EhhLXZB3kRw
Measuring Pricing Success
Unit Sales
Profit Margin
Customer Satisfaction
Employee Satisfaction
Potential trade‐off between success measures. E.g., Profit margin may increase from a sacrifice of unit sales by price increase