Psychology FINAL Assignment

Running Head: A CASE STUDY OF JASMINE

PERSONAL APPROACH TO COUNSELING

The Case of Jasmine

CNDV 5311

Park University

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This project report is an opportunity for me to synthesize, reflect about, and talk about the

many theoretical perspectives we covered in the first four weeks of the course. More specifically,

I will elaborate on the following: the philosophical foundations of my counseling practice; my

outlook on human nature; my job as a counselor; and the four core ideas that comprise the

theoretical methods I have chosen to address. In addition, I will detail the problems that my

client Jasmine is experiencing and how I intend to help her using my own counseling style.

Philosophy of Human Nature

Having applied numerous therapy strategies and fundamental ideas covered in this course

to my own life, I have come to an integrated perspective of human nature that is predominantly

influenced by Existential Humanist, Cognitive-Behavioral, and Psychodynamic theories. I've

broken down human nature into 5 categories and posed questions on each one below:

Are humans innately good or bad?

My basic stance is that I consider newborn humans to be neither good nor evil. As an

added bonus, a newborn's birth represents a new beginning for their family. Having been given

the gift of free will at birth, every human being is born into a world of boundless opportunity.

What motivates us?

In my opinion, the world into which human beings are born lacks any inherent value or

significance. I believe that the search for one's life's meaning or purpose is a continual journey

that culminates only in death. In addition, eating, drinking, and sleeping are all actions that

humans partake in to meet the demands necessitated by our biological make-up. Humans are

motivated to carry out the activities required to fulfill their non-biological wants, such as the

needs for love and connection, survival, independence, and power.

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What is the cause of stress and suffering?

While it's important to take care of ourselves, the actions required to do so may be taxing

on our mental and physical resources, which is especially true if you live in a Western nation that

prizes "capitalism," "modern technology," "rational thinking," and "individualism" (Quick &

Henderson, 2016). In addition, when people's attempts to achieve perfection or supremacy are

frustrated, they might feel nervous, angry, or sad; they can also lose control of their lives or

withdraw within themselves.

How does change, growth, and wellness occur?

A person's ability to change, develop, and be healthy depends on their willingness to

examine and understand the roots of their problematic behaviors, their willingness to admit that

they are wrong in their thinking and actions, their willingness to work with their therapist to

devise a strategy for overcoming their issues, and their realization that the answer to their

problems has always been inside them. I think everyone has the potential to do great things,

provided they have the means to do so and are situated in a community that encourages and

facilitates their development.

How do we function?

From a scientific perspective, the human body's capacity to operate is due in large part to

the brain, heart, kidneys, liver, and lungs. The human body just cannot function properly without

them. Regarding the inner workings of the human mind, I agree with Aristotle's views that "the

human function is rational activity" and that "the way human beings accomplish things is by

making rational decisions" (Mathôt, 2018). In my opinion, humans are generally rational actors

who make decisions that are in accordance with the norms that their environment has established

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and which allow them to achieve their most fundamental biological requirements (such as food

and shelter) (such as the country they live in or the community they are a member of). I believe

that people are typically at ease making logical decisions, particularly when doing so is the

lawful means of satisfying their wants.

Counselor Role

A strong therapeutic relationship between the counselor and the client is essential to the

success of the therapy process. The counselor's ability to establish rapport with the client

depends on them demonstrating a number of characteristics, including "being genuine within the

framework of the therapeutic alliance," "unconditional positive regard," and "deep

comprehension of the client" (Neukrug, 2018, pp. 252-254). Founder of Person-Centered

Counseling Carl Rogers came to the following conclusion: "when a person (such as a client) is

with a second person [such as a therapist] who displays authenticity (or congruence), empathy,

and unconditional positive regard, the first person will feel comfortable enough to experience

him or herself, with all of its incongruities..." More than that, Rogers believed that these

qualities "are adequate to create transformation..."

Since I share Rogers' optimistic outlook on humanity, I think it's important to treat clients

with empathy, compassion, and tact while working to build a therapeutic alliance. My philosophy

is that the client knows best about their issue, and it is my job to show them that they have the

power to fix things in their own life. Self-awareness is essential for the client to make progress in

counseling and find lasting solutions to their issues. As a counselor, I believe it is my

responsibility to assist my clients in developing an understanding of themselves by assisting

them in recognizing and changing unhelpful coping strategies, habits, behaviors, and patterns of

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thought (such as automatic thoughts and cognitive distortions), encouraging them to leave an

environment that is detrimental to their mental health or recovery, and connecting them with

resources that may help them succeed in the outside world.

In my capacity as a counselor, I am expected to be accepting of my client's current

situation while also being open to exploring other solutions and working together to find

solutions to problems. In the future, I want to work as a licensed counselor in private practice or

for a community health center after completing my master's degree in counseling and

development with a focus on marriage, couples, and families. I can see myself helping kids and

teens overcome eating issues.

Clients and their loved ones might benefit from group counseling sessions, such as

"family or marital therapy," by being "guided in comprehending the patient's disease and learning

new ways for dealing with challenges" (Wynne et al., 1987). As a therapist, I am also able to

refer clients and their loved ones to "support groups that specialize in helping people overcome

the effects of eating disorders.

Theoretical Approach

I. Adlerian Therapy of Individual Psychology

I find it fascinating that "clinical and agency contexts'' (Neukrug, 2018, p. 119)—two of

my favorite types of workplaces—are "frequently employed as a short treatment modality" of

Adlerian Therapy (social service agency or private practice at an established business).

Individuality, inferiority, private logic, common sense, compensation, subjective end aim,

lifestyle, pursuit of perfection, social interest, holism, holicism, schema of perception, birth

order, bravery, and so on are all part of Adlerian Therapy Is larger framework of ideas (Neukrug,

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2018, p. 119). Because of how well they mesh with my outlook on humanity and my vocation as

a counselor, I have decided to focus this dissertation on individuality, private logic, and

subjective end purpose.

A person's singularity

Adlerian Therapy's founder, Alfred Adler, believed that "every individual is unique with

natural skills and distinctive traits that are altered by early childhood events and the memory of

those experiences" (Neukrug, 2018, p. 119). Adlerian Therapy's recognition of the individuality

of each client or patient is an admirable goal, and I think it's important that mental health

practitioners keep that in mind while providing care. As a counselor, I will always bear in mind

that no two clients, even those with the same presenting issue, will have the same set of skills,

personality traits, upbringing, thought processes, or coping mechanisms (such as bulimia

nervosa). My major objective in delivering successful therapy is to motivate my clients to make

positive changes in their lives so that they may live fulfilling and fruitful lives.

Closed-Door Reasoning

Edward Neukrug defines private logic as "the inner voice, self-talk, or mental imagery

that explain one's manner of life and feed one's subjective aim" (2018, p. 121). Individual

reasoning has the potential to inspire "healthy behaviors, progress toward one's inherent

subjective ultimate goal, and a desire to do good for the larger society," but it also "may result in

compensatory (maladaptive) actions that distract the individual from his or her feelings of

inferiority, hinder the person from progress toward his or her inherent subjective final goal, and

do not feed the common good" (Neukrug, 2018, p. 121). Given my understanding of human

nature, I can see why people would be drawn to the concept of private logic; after all, I think

everyone has their own unique way of seeing the world and themselves, as well as their own

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reasons for doing things. I know that as a counselor, I can better analyze my client's lifestyle,

thought patterns, and coping mechanisms if I have a firm grasp of their inner logic.

Ambiguous Ultimate Purpose

Someone's "personal picture of what [they] [want to become] to attain a feeling of

fullness and wholeness" is the subjective end aim that they've worked toward via their own inner

reasoning and compensating actions (Neukrug, 2018, p. 123). According to my understanding of

human nature, creating personal objectives is crucial to making the kind of decisions and

carrying out the kinds of actions that allow us to thrive in the world we find ourselves in. One of

my responsibilities as a counselor is to assist my clients in developing personally and spiritually

by encouraging them to establish and strive toward worthwhile objectives. When a client comes

to me with maladaptive and destructive objectives due to mental illness, I work with them to

overcome the inevitable emotions of inferiority they experience and to build a private logic that

guides them toward actions that "improve their inherent strengths and qualities" (Neukrug, 2018,

p. 117).

II. Cognitive Behavior Therapy

Anxiety and depression share a basic psychopathology: the overvaluation of the

significance of form and weight and their control," suggesting that CBT is an effective treatment

for both conditions (Cameron et al., 2018). This research will concentrate on three of the many

components that make up Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: core beliefs, intermediate beliefs, and

automatic thoughts and pictures. These components were selected because they align most

closely with my own philosophy and counseling philosophy.

Individual's Fundamental Values

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Core beliefs, as defined by Edward Neukrug, are "those entrenched ideas that offer

guidance toward the method in which we perceive events and, ultimately, shape our thinking,

acting, and feeling" (2018, p. 361). There are "good core beliefs that lead toward positive ways

of life" for everyone, and there are also "bad core beliefs that lead to dysfunctional ways of

living" that may have detrimental effects on one's health and happiness (Neukrug, 2018, p. 361).

For me, self-criticism is a natural human reaction to trying circumstances, such when we make a

mistake. It seems to be a built-in mechanism for dealing with stress, in my view. It is my job as a

counselor to assist my clients in recognizing the existence of any limiting fundamental beliefs

they may have and then to assist them in developing strategies for overcoming such beliefs.

Middle-Level Beliefs

Intermediate beliefs are "the attitudes, norms and expectations, and assumptions" that

people follow as opposed to their "core beliefs," which "most persons are not aware of,"

according to Aaron Beck (Neukrug, 2018, p. 360). Based on my understanding of human nature,

I believe that intermediate beliefs are useful in assisting clients in making sense of their

experiences and their negative feelings. It's as if they bottle up all the unpleasant feelings that

come out at times of crisis and carry them around within. My job as a counselor is assisting

clients in recognizing and discarding their intermediary beliefs.

Autonomous thoughts and Images

Automatic thoughts and ideas are "everything that pops into our heads while we go about

our daily lives," as defined by Edward Neukrug (2018). (p. 363). In addition, one's "response

with instinctive ideas and pictures that are products of one's attitudes, rules and expectations, and

assumptions (intermediate beliefs), which, themselves, are generated from... fundamental

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beliefs" is what happens when one is exposed to a circumstance (Neukrug, 2018, p. 363).

According to my theory of human nature, having negative thoughts once in a while is normal

since our minds automatically conjure up mental pictures that help us deal with adversity. Yet,

when negative thoughts repeat indefinitely, the result is dysfunctional maladaptive behavior. As a

therapist, I'll be tasked with assisting my clients in being more self-aware of the ideas and images

that arise automatically in reaction to certain events, as well as in developing strategies for

changing this habitual way of thinking.

III. Person-Centered Counseling and Central Concepts

The client-centered therapy style pioneered by Carl Rogers may "be adopted by many

and implemented in many circumstances" (Neukrug, 2018, p. 247). Person-Centered Therapy

also incorporates a number of other ideas, such as "actualizing tendency," "need for positive

regard," "conditions of value," "non-genuineness and incongruence," "organic valuing process,"

"option and free will," "self-determination," "non-directive counseling," and "the essential and

sufficient circumstances" (Neukrug, 2018, p. 247). I selected to write about the need for positive

regard, conditions of value, and non-directive counseling for this article because I feel they align

with my philosophy of human nature and counseling duty.

Need For Positive Regard

It is important for children to feel loved, supported, and valued by those closest to them,

as stated by Edward Neukrug (2018). (p. 248). What's interesting is that "children will display

characteristics they feel individuals close to them would like them to show in hope that they

would be favorably viewed by them," even if such behaviors are counter to the individual's

natural way of being (Neukrug, 2018, p. 248). That makes perfect sense to me, since I think it's

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inherently human to want to make other people happy. A person's ability to get along with others

is a major factor in whether or not they are able to get basic necessities like food, drink, shelter,

and a partner. It's essential to the existence of the human species to be liked and liked by others.

As a therapist, I will give my clients my undivided attention and express "empathic empathy" of

their situations (Neukrug, 2018, p. 251).

Conditions of Worth

Essentially, conditions of value "develop when important individuals, who have the

ability to withhold their love and esteem, set expectations on a person's method of responding,"

and "through time, the person learns to react in the manner that the significant other desires, even

if that response is not natural or true to self" (Neukrug, 2018, p. 248). It reinforces my

perspective of human nature about the inherent drive to please others, since criteria of value are

"closely tied to the urge to be favorably viewed" (Neukrug, 2018, p. 248). As a therapist, I know

it's detrimental and unnecessary to try to force my client to feel a certain way about themselves

before we can create a trusting therapeutic connection.

Nondirective Counseling

The interesting thing about Carl Rogers is that he "believed the components for

self-discovery exist inside each individual and urged counselors to establish a counseling

atmosphere facilitative of self-discovery, as opposed to one that was prescriptive, guiding, or

interpretive" (Neukrug, 2018, p. 250). Non-directive therapy is appealing to me because I believe

it speaks to our innate need to connect with others in an informal setting. As a counselor, one of

my first responsibilities is to just listen to a client talk about whatever is bothering them for a

while, giving them a chance to release pent-up feelings. If the client is able to relax and open up

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to the therapist, a healthy therapeutic relationship may get off to a great start.

Critical Evaluation of Approach

This part is where I assess my own counseling style by detailing its advantages and

disadvantages. I'll also discuss its advantages and disadvantages when dealing with a

multicultural clientele.

Strengths of My Personal Approach

Integrative therapy has a lot of benefits, and it happens to be the method I would use most

often when providing counseling to clients. At its core, my method of counseling would do two

things well: first, it finds and uses the beneficial common features that the vast majority of

therapeutic techniques share; and second, it combines these aspects. As an example, I combine

the requirements for a strong therapeutic partnership, authenticity, unconditional positive regard,

and empathy into my practice. To add to that, I take an open, adaptable, and tolerant stance. It's

flexible enough that I can tailor it to the requirements of any demographic I happen to be serving

by adding in new ideas and approaches.

An integrated strategy has adequate wiggle room to evolve over time. Third, my strategy

is a well-thought-out model, with every component supported by data and analysis. Not a

"hodgepodge of procedures with little or no underlying theoretical grounding" (Neukrug, 2018,

p. 8). Fourth, my counseling method is generalizable to a wide range of problems experienced by

different groups of people since it draws from a wide range of therapeutic traditions.

Limitations of My Personal Approach

My method of therapy isn't without its flaws. First, I am unsure of where to start in terms

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of obtaining the Integrative Therapy training, I would need. If I wanted to use many therapeutic

methods in my practice, wouldn't I have to be an expert in each one? If I took classes in each of

those methods, would that make me an expert in each one? As for training, that part isn't quite

clear. It may be challenging to incorporate my unique perspective into my job, which brings me

to my second point. After all, there are a few core ideas I may employ in my counseling sessions

with clients across a variety of therapeutic modalities. Third, I need to improve my cultural

competence so that it better informs my counseling style.

My method is dependent on open lines of communication and close cooperation with my

customers, as well as some autonomy on my part. For instance, I usually collaborate with clients

to develop an action plan, but it is the client's responsibility to complete any assigned reading or

other preparation. What if the vast majority of individuals find that my method is ineffective?

For some of our customers, it is not usual to talk to individuals outside of their immediate circle

of family and friends on a daily basis.

Case Scenario Analysis

Following my examination of Jasmine's situation, I used my own unique brand of therapy

to assist her in working through her issues. Based on what I learned about her situation, I

provided answers to the five questions below:

Values:

Adolescent pregnancy is a topic that makes me very uneasy, and I tend to lean toward the

pro-choice position. Since Jasmine is about to graduate from high school and plans to go to

college out of state, I think it's more than reasonable to suggest that she get an abortion so that

she may focus on having fun during her first year of college rather than worrying about

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supporting a family. But I know that telling Jasmine she should have an abortion is effectively

offering her advice, and that's totally out of line. And she has already decided against having an

abortion or adopting a child. As a result, I will not let my personal ideas about Jasmine's situation

influence my counseling style.

Basic Conflicts:

From what I can see, Jasmine is troubled by doubts about how to handle her pregnancy,

dread that her parents would be disappointed in her if they find out, and perplexed about how to

proceed with her aspirations to attend college. She must also consider giving up her hope of

attending college out of state as a result of the prospect of being a single, teenage mother. She is

concerned that her pregnancy will prevent her from enrolling in her preferred university and has

ruled out both adoption and abortion as possible solutions. As an added bonus, she has prepared

herself for the disappointment of her parents upon learning of her pregnancy.

Due to her boyfriend's negative reaction to the announcement of her pregnancy, she has

also lost the potential support of her romantic partner. I believe her inability to confide in her

parents stems from her fear of their response, which was reinforced by her boyfriend's

unfavorable reaction. From my perspective as a counselor, I see Jasmine's problem as stemming

from her uncertainty about how her loved ones would respond to her pregnancy. She has made

several predictions about how her unplanned pregnancy would alter her future, including the loss

of her parents' financial support and the inability to attend a university outside of her home state.

It's evident that she does not know how to satisfy her demands or how to investigate the options

that would be most suitable for her situation.

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\Personal Approach:

With Jasmine, I would take a more client-centered approach by having her do some

homework, providing her with non-directive feedback and encouraging her to work with me to

weigh the pros and cons of her many alternatives. As her counselor, it is my job to encourage her

to make the choices that are best for her in light of the information she currently has. I want to

help Jasmine consider all of her alternatives without making her feel like she has to make a

choice against her will, so we can work together. I'd sit down with Jasmine and help her map out

a strategy for taking control of the issue.

I'd advise her on how to take stock of the tools at her disposal and how to put her best

foot forward while considering her alternatives. I'd sit down with her and talk over the pros and

cons of all her options, whether she opted for abortion, adoption, or raising a child alone.

Additionally, I would suggest that she join a peer support group for young women similar to

herself, whether it be those who have aborted pregnancies, those who have placed their children

for adoption, or those who are parenting children independently. I would also recommend

Jasmine to whatever resource she desired, such as a local workforce or job search center, a

Planned Parenthood clinic, or an adoption and foster care organization.

In addition, I would refer her to a certified career counselor who is familiar with the

area's schools and institutions. If I were to give Jasmine homework, it would be to set out a

moment when she could tell both sets of parents about the pregnancy at the same time. That

would ensure that the prospective grandparents had a common understanding before anything

else.

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Limitations to personal approach:

When I'm providing therapy to someone, I attempt to persuade them to engage in critical

reflection about the ways in which their past experiences have influenced the way they think

now, and then I assist them in making positive adjustments to their thinking. In addition, I take a

client-centered method, which indicates that I place the majority of my attention on instructing

my clients in how to recognize maladaptive patterns of conduct and supplying them with the

resources they require to bring about positive alterations in their lives. Nothing you have just

read is relevant to your collaboration with Jasmine.

After giving it some more thought, I've realized that my strategy might have benefitted

from having some of the concepts from solution-focused brief therapy incorporated into it. In my

opinion, the most efficient method for resolving Jasmine's predicament would be to take a

theoretical approach. In the interest of full disclosure, I should point out that I did, in fact,

include non-directive counseling and assumptions as components of the broader principles that I

presented in the opening of the work.

Jasmine came to the conclusion that she could not confide in them about her pregnancy

since she believed that they would have a negative reaction to the news. Because non-directive

therapy encourages open communication about Jasmine's feelings without making an effort to

alter her viewpoint, it would be beneficial for her to participate in this type of treatment

regardless of the method chosen. Teenage girls who become pregnant should make sure that their

counselor does not give them the sense that she is trying to tell them what to do since that is

precisely what they anticipate their parents to do in such a situation. After applying my own

counseling approach to Jasmine's situation, I realized that its strengths were in

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the following areas: non-directive counseling; recognizing assumptions; and completing

homework. These were the areas in which I felt most confident using my approach.

Ethical and professional responsibilities:

Even though I work for a community health center that does not charge for its services, I

am nevertheless required by law and professional ethics to keep my clients' information private

and safe. Because Jasmine has confided in me highly personal information, I have a moral and

legal duty to keep this knowledge to myself and not share it with her parents, her boyfriend's

parents, or her boyfriend's parents. It is my responsibility as a professional to provide Jasmine

with care that is free from bias and prejudice, despite the fact that I support abortion rights and

do not condone unwed pregnancies among adolescents. It bears repeating that it is not my place

to provide Jasmine advice or to share my perspective on the issue with her.

As a counselor, it is my responsibility to guarantee that my client is never afraid of being

judged or reprimanded when they open up to me about any difficulties they may be experiencing.

I must make sure that my client always feels comfortable talking to me about any problems they

may be having. I'm not here to give her my viewpoint; rather, I'm here to assist her in thinking

through the alternatives and make her feel supported as she makes her decision. I believe that it

is essential for Jasmine, her family, her boyfriend, and his family to collaborate in order to figure

out how to react to her decision and to determine the kind of assistance that she would require.

As her counselor, it is my responsibility to make it simpler for her to have that discussion.

If, after our first session together, I conclude that I am unable to provide Jasmine with

therapy that is nonjudgmental and objective, it is my responsibility as a trained professional to

refer her to a counselor who is more suited to meet her needs.

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References

Cameron, S. K., Rodgers, J., & Dagnan, D. (2018). The relationship between the therapeutic

alliance and clinical outcomes in cognitive behaviour therapy for adults with depression:

A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 25(3), 446–456.

https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.2180

Mathôt, S. (2018). Pupillometry: Psychology, Physiology, and Function. Journal of Cognition,

1(1). https://doi.org/10.5334/joc.18

Neukrug, E. (2018). Counseling Theory and Practice (2nd ed., p. 622). Cognella Academic

Publishing.

Quick, J., & Henderson, D. (2016). Occupational Stress: Preventing Suffering, Enhancing

Wellbeing. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 13(5),

459. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13050459

Wynne, L., McDaniel, S., & Weber, T. (1987). Professional Politics and the Concepts of Family

Therapy, Family Consultation, and Systems Consultation. Family Process, 26(2),

153–166. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1545-5300.1987.00153.x

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• Critical Evaluation of Approach: Describe the strengths and limitations of your personal approach to counseling. Also address strengths and limitations for working with a culturally diverse population. -suggested 1-3 pages in length.

Case Scenario

After reviewing the below case, use your personal approach to counseling to address the prompts listed below.

Background: Jasmine is an 18-year-old high school senior that comes from a very close family, and in general, she feels that she can typically go to her parents for help when she has a problem. However, this time is different and she feel that she cannot turn to them for help with her with her current problem. Jasmine and her boyfriend have been sexually active for the past year without using birth-control. She was sure that she would not get pregnant. However, she recently learned that she was pregnant. Jasmine informed her 15-year-old boyfriend (high school sophomore), and expected him to make the commitment to marry her. He did not agree, in fact, he even doubted whether he was the father. Jasmine felt deeply hurt and angry over her boyfriend’s reaction and sought out some friends for advice. On the advice of a girlfriend, she considered an abortion for a time. But she decided against it because she felt she could not deal with the guilt of terminating a life. Adoption was brought up as another option by a friend, but she was certain she could not live knowing that she had created a life and then “abandoned” the child. Last, Jasmine considered becoming a single parent. However, doing so would certainly prevent her from traveling out-of-state to attend college. Her pregnancy is moving into the end of her first trimester, and her panic is mounting.

For school counseling students, image that this student came to your office one day with the above concerns.

For clinical mental health counseling students image you are working at a non-profit community clinic and this high school student set up an appointment.

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Questions: • Values: What are your values as they pertain to Jasmine’s case, and how

do you think they will affect the way in which you counsel her, if at all? Explain. -suggested 1-2 pages in length.

• Presenting Concern/s: What do you see as Jasmine’s presenting concerns/basic conflicts (identify and discuss at least two)? How would you summarize the nature of her struggle through the lens of your personal approach to counseling? Based upon the concerns you identified, discuss which you would address first and why based upon your personal approach to counseling. -suggested 1-2 pages in length.

• Strategies and/or Techniques: Drawing upon your personal approach to counseling, what strategies and/or techniques might you utilize when working with Jasmine and why (i.e., connect the strategy/techniques to theory)? Provide three examples. -suggested 1-2 pages in length.

• Critical Evaluation of Approach: What limitations did you notice when applying your personal approach to counseling to Jasmine’s case. What where some of the strengths you noticed when applying your personal approach to counseling to Jasmine’s case. -suggested 1 pages in length.

• Professional Compliance: With consideration of your work setting (school vs. clinical), discuss any legal, ethical, or professional responsibilities you might have as a counselor.-suggested 1-2 pages in length.