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Planning Reading Instruction
Part 1: Approaches to Reading Instruction
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Approach |
Description of Approach |
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The Phonics Method |
This method is commonly used in reading instruction approaches. It emphasizes the combination of individual letters and their sounds to form the whole word. It aids students in learning decoding, the process of sounding out words, to start reading and understanding new words. The frequency of use in English words may determine the order of teaching phonemes. (Reading Rockets, n.d.). |
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Structured Literacy |
This method employs clear and structured instruction of essential literacy elements. These elements involve both advanced literacy skills and foundational abilities. Advanced skills encompass areas like written expression and reading comprehension, while foundational skills cover spelling and decoding. Hamman (2018) states that instructors teach syllables one at a time, progressing until all six syllable types are addressed, which include open, closed, r-controlled, vowel-consonant-e, vowel pair, and consonant. |
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The whole-word approach |
This method teaches students to recognize words by sight, relying heavily on memorization. Learners memorize vocabulary through repeated encounters with the written form, accompanied by audio or images. It bypasses the decoding stage, where learners typically spell words (Texas Education Agency, n.d.). Regular exposure to words enables learners to sight-read their vocabulary and unfamiliar words by recognizing their differences. |
Part 2: Reading Standards and Learning Objectives
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Literature |
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Standard |
Learning Objectives |
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4th Grade: Provide a detailed description of a character, setting, or event in a story or drama, using specific details from the text (e.g., a character’s thoughts, words, or actions). |
You should be able to use details in the text to describe a specific character, event, or setting in the drama or story. |
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8th Grade: Analyze how differences in the characters' points of view and the audience or reader such as those created through dramatic irony—generate effects like suspense and humor (Texas Education Agency, n.d.). |
Be able to utilize differences in points of view of specific characters, audiences, or readers to explain how suspense or humor is created. |
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Informational |
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Standard |
Learning Objectives |
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4th Grade: Explain events, procedures, ideas, or concepts in a historical, scientific, or technical text, including what occurred and why, based on specific information in the text. |
Utilize specific details from the text to explain its central idea.
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8th Grade: Identify an author's point of view, perspective, and purpose in a text, and analyze how the author recognizes and addresses conflicting evidence or viewpoints (Texas Education Agency, n.d.). |
Determine the author’s point of view and how he responds to conflicting viewpoints or evidence. |
Part 3: Whole Group Reading Lesson
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Grade Level |
4th Grade |
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National/State Reading Standard Identify one of the reading standards from Part 2 that will be the lesson's focus. Standards must align with the lesson’s learning targets/objectives and assessments. |
Provide a thorough description of a character, setting, or event in a story or drama using specific details from the text (such as a character’s thoughts, words, or actions). |
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Specific Learning Target(s)/Objective(s) Learning objectives are designed to identify what the teacher intends to measure in learning. These must be aligned with the standards. |
Utilize text details to illustrate a specific character, event, or setting in the drama or story.
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Whole Group Lesson Explain how information will be presented to students and describe activities you will use to engage students in practicing and applying the learning target/objective before reading, during reading, and after reading the core text. |
Pre-reading: Before reading, each student will be handed a copy, read the title, and look at the cover, guided by the teacher. The title and cover of the book are good starting points for brainstorming about the title and contents of the cover, including forming ideas about the book’s genre and events occurring in the book. A book walk is vital at this stage to guide students through the book (Reading Rocket, n.d.).
During Reading: During text reading, frequent breaks give students time to comprehend and reflect on the book’s events. A key activity at this point is to ask students to write a summary of what they have learned in a section on their portable mini whiteboards. They should identify the story's characters, events, or settings and write down the central ideas or key details in their own words (Hamman,2018).
Post-reading: After reading, students should discuss the text in five groups, ask questions, and share answers with their peers. The teacher should include a variety of texts, such as summarizing the entire text in two to three sentences, stating the main idea, or conveying the author’s overall impression to enhance comprehension (Hamman,2018). |
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Differentiation Explain strategies to differentiate the whole group lesson to support each group of students. |
English Language Learners: Use visual aids to help ELLs grasp the text's key ideas. Images, charts, or diagrams can make abstract concepts more understandable for these learners, fostering deeper comprehension. Sometimes, English texts may be provided alongside the learner’s native language for easier comparison and better understanding of the material (Roe et al., 2019).
Students with Disabilities: These students require audio recordings and text-to-speech tools to improve their comprehension. They should also receive extra time for tasks and assignments to gather essential information and develop a deeper understanding (Reading Rocket, n.d.).
Students with Gifted Abilities: Teachers can implement various strategies for learners with exceptional abilities. These students may create a podcast, presentation, or script based on the literary text, ensuring they include specific details about characters and events. These learners must have opportunities for exploration and understanding through independent research to challenge their learning (Roe et al., 2019).
Early Finishers: Early finishers need opportunities for additional practice to enhance their understanding of the text. For instance, the teacher could provide a similar book of the same genre and have them compare the texts by noting similarities and differences, completing these in their worksheets (Roe et al., 2019).
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Assessment Explain one formative assessment that will be used to gauge student learning throughout the lesson that provides meaningful feedback. Additionally, provide a summative assessment to be used at the end of the lesson to allow students to demonstrate their knowledge and mastery of the learning target/objective. |
Formative Assessment: Group discussions will serve as a form of formative assessment. Students will be grouped in teams of five to learn from each other’s perspectives and understanding of the text. They can solicit feedback from their peers and the teacher to enhance comprehension. They can pose different questions about the text, and the teacher will circulate among the groups, listening and asking open-ended questions to promote critical thinking.
Summative Assessment: Summative assessment verifies whether students have mastered the learning objective's content. An example of this type of assessment might include developing a script, podcast, or presentation regarding the narrative or drama (Roe et al., 2019). Students will concentrate on a specific part of the narrative and use visuals to show their comprehension. |
References:
Hamman, J. (2018). A Powerful Approach to Reading Instruction. Edutopia. https://www.edutopia.org/article/powerful-approach-reading-instruction
Learning Disabilities Association of America (n.d.). Methods for Students with LD. https://www.readingrockets.org/topics/learning-disabilities/articles/reading-methods-students-ld
Reading Rockets (n.d.). Classroom Strategy Library. https://www.readingrockets.org/classroom/classroom-strategies
Roe, B. D., Smith, S. H., & Kolodziej, N. J. (2019). Teaching Reading in Today’s Elementary Schools (12th ed.). Cengage. ISBN-13: 9781337566292
Reading Rockets (n.d.). Strategies that Promote Comprehension. Reading Rockets. https://www.readingrockets.org/topics/background-knowledge/articles/strategies-promote-comprehension
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