6 pages essay based on presentation ppt
lhao811
Week_1_CSE170_haddad.pptxTIM 101
January 16, 2020
Water and Energy Research
Prof. Brent M. Haddad
Environmental Studies
Office Hours: M 10:30 to noon
Natural Sciences 2, Rm 493
1
The Fresh Water Management Challenge
Water doesn't arrive where, when, and in the quality and quantity in which it is needed.
The Fresh Water Management Challenge
Water doesn't arrive where, when, and in the quality and quantity in which it is needed.
Therefore, ongoing intervention in natural systems is needed to meet society’s water needs.
The same can be said for Energy:
The same can be said for Energy:
Energy doesn't arrive where, when, and in the quality and quantity in which it is needed.
The same can be said for Energy:
Energy doesn't arrive where, when, and in the quality and quantity in which it is needed.
Therefore, ongoing intervention in natural systems is needed to meet society’s energy needs.
Thermoelectric
Domestic
3
7
4
3
Industrial
Livestock
1
1
Mining
Commercial
Withdrawal
(BGD)
Water Consumption (BGD)
107
Irrigation
Sources: 1USGS, Estimated Use of Water in the United States in 2000, USGS Circular 1268, March 2004
2USGS, Estimated Use of Water in the United States in 1995, USGS Circular 1200, 1998
Source: Jared Ciferno,NETL
Linking Water and Energy: Power Production
Map by Shih-Tsiang; water flowing through wastewater
treatment facilities in US, 2007.
Water Flowing Through Cities, U.S.
Pitt/Carnegie Mellon Study: water for 110 proposed new power plants
Findings
11.4 trillion gallons of municipal wastewater collected and treated annually in U.S.
On average, one fairly large POTW can completely satisfy the cooling water demand for each of 110 proposed power plants (EIA, 2007)
Inventory of available wastewater
Inventory of water needs
http://www.netl.doe.gov/technologies/coalpower/ewr/water/pp-mgmt/pubs/06550/42722FSRFG063009.pdf
Other links between water and energy…
Pumping water takes energy
Purifying water takes energy
Heating and cooling water takes energy
Manufacturing water equipment takes energy
Monitoring water systems takes energy
WATER USE
ENERGY DEMAND
Other links between water and energy…
Water cools thermal power plants
Hydropower requires flowing water
Fossil fuel extraction and refining require water
Biofuels require irrigation water
WATER DEMAND
ENERGY USE
When water and energy systems are linked, reducing use of one reduces use of the other... “2-for-1 benefits”
When water and energy systems are linked, reducing use of one reduces use of the other... “2-for-1 benefits”
Pumping less groundwater means using less energy
Demanding less electricity means withdrawing less water to cool power plants.
Investing in water efficiency devices means less energy to purify, heat, and cool water
When water and energy systems are linked, reducing use of one reduces use of the other... “2-for-1 benefits”
Data systems that can help:
When water and energy systems are linked, reducing use of one reduces use of the other... “2-for-1 benefits”
Data systems that can help:
Leak detection
Precipitation and moisture detection
Water quality monitoring
Fire risk and rapid response
Conservation monitoring (based on billing information)
Elevation mapping
(focus on water)
Introduction to Santa Cruz’s water supply
Santa Cruz Watershed
How much water is flowing in the San Lorenzo River?
Graham Hill Water
Treatment Plant
Santa Cruz water sources:
San Lorenzo River – 47%
North Coast Rivers – 32%
Beltz Wells – 5%
Loch Lomond Reservoir – 16%
City of Santa Cruz historic average daily water production:
10 million gallons per day
(7.48 gallons = 1 cubic foot)
10 mgd ~ 15.5 cfs
Current actual….6.4 mgd ~ 9.9 cfs
2/3 of Santa Cruz water goes to residential use, and
1/3 goes to commercial use.
There is almost no industrial and agricultural use.
UCSC is the city’s biggest water customer.
Question:
Does the San Lorenzo River have enough discharge to meet the city’s water demands?
City of Santa Cruz historic average daily water production:
10 million gallons per day
(7.48 gallons = 1 cubic foot)
10 mgd ~ 15.5 cfs
Current actual….6.4 mgd ~ 9.9 cfs
Quick answer:
Almost….the city historically uses 10 mgd x 47% from the river = 4.7 mgd of river water.
At low flow, the river provides ~6.4 cfs = 4.1 mgd.
4.1 mgd from the river at low flow
< 4.7 mgd needed historically.
But also consider:
1. There are other demands on the river, including:
other water rights holders,
recreation uses that want high flows, and
endangered species protection (coho salmon).
47% is the annual average…in the summer more water is taken from the river because the city is using more water overall.
10 mgd is the historical use and now Santa Cruz uses less because it is more efficient.
Photo:
Coastal Watershed Council
Precipitation
Local surface and groundwater
Interbasin transfers
Re-prioritizing existing uses
Conservation
Cutbacks
Reuse (small amount!)
New supply
Santa Cruz uses:
How do cities (in general) meet their water needs?
Precipitation
Local surface and groundwater
Interbasin transfers
Re-prioritizing existing uses
Conservation
Cutbacks
Reuse
New supply, such as ocean desalination
Precipitation
Local surface and groundwater
Interbasin transfers
Re-prioritizing existing uses
Conservation
Cutbacks
Reuse
New supply
Each of these strategies requires a mix of technology, policy, economic incentives, and public acceptance.
How do cities (in general) meet their water needs?
Examples of technologies
Pumps/piping/storage
Flood protection
Sensors/measurement
Treatment
Emergency response
Modeling/scenarios
Examples of policies
Public Information
Conservation campaigns or rules
Defining water rights
- how much you can use
- how much you can pollute
Examples of economic incentives
Water Pricing – usage costs, fixed costs, and fees
Financial penalties for overuse or polluting
Examples of “public acceptance”
The public generally believes:
It’s “OK” to have severe water cutbacks in a severe drought.
It’s “OK” to have water that doesn’t taste perfect.
It’s “OK” to go way over budget in a water emergency like a drought to meet supply needs.
Continuing Challenges for Santa Cruz:
Being prepared for the next drought!
Having sufficient funding for regular upkeep and emergencies
Improving habitat for Coho Salmon, which could mean loss of water supply
Moving wells inland from the coast to avoid saltwater intrusion.
Continuing Challenges for Santa Cruz:
Thanks – Questions?
Prof. Brent Haddad
493 Nat Sci 2
Mondays 10:30-noon
43
Chart1
| 0 |
Sheet1
| BGD | |
| Thermoelectric Withdrawal | 136 |
| Thermoelectric Consumption | 4 |
| To resize chart data range, drag lower right corner of range. |
