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WESTERN WESTERN CIVILIZATIONSCIVILIZATIONS

Chapter 9

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I. IntroductionI. Introduction A period of profound change A period of profound change ReligionReligion

Emergence of the papacy as the dominant Emergence of the papacy as the dominant organizational force organizational force New monastic and religious ordersNew monastic and religious orders Increased persecution of minority groups Increased persecution of minority groups

Revival of intellectual and cultural life Revival of intellectual and cultural life The renaissance of the twelfth century The renaissance of the twelfth century A new reading publicA new reading public EducationEducation

II. The Reform of the II. The Reform of the Church Church

Privatization of parishes and monasteriesPrivatization of parishes and monasteries Incompetent popes and bishops Incompetent popes and bishops Monastic reform, 900Monastic reform, 900––10501050

Cluny (c. 910) Cluny (c. 910) A Benedictine house A Benedictine house Placed under the protection of the papacy Placed under the protection of the papacy Reformed Reformed ““daughterdaughter”” monasteries monasteries A network of dependent A network of dependent CluniacCluniac houses across houses across Europe (sixtyEurope (sixty--seven by 1049)seven by 1049)

II. The Reform of the II. The Reform of the Church (Contd.)Church (Contd.)

High spiritual standards and ordered liturgical lifeHigh spiritual standards and ordered liturgical life CluniacCluniac influence strongest in France and Italy influence strongest in France and Italy

Other reformsOther reforms German and English kings urge monastic reformsGerman and English kings urge monastic reforms Guaranteed monasteries freedom from Guaranteed monasteries freedom from interferenceinterference Kings appointed bishops and abbotsKings appointed bishops and abbots

Monasticism as dominant spiritual modelMonasticism as dominant spiritual model—— mirrored the perfect harmony of heaven mirrored the perfect harmony of heaven

Monks as Monks as ““angelic menangelic men””

II. The Reform of the II. The Reform of the Church (Contd.)Church (Contd.)

Monasteries housed the relics of the saintsMonasteries housed the relics of the saints Attracted the laityAttracted the laity——pilgrimages pilgrimages

The papal reform movement The papal reform movement Bishops rebuild and expand cathedral Bishops rebuild and expand cathedral churches following the churches following the CluniacCluniac exampleexample CluniacsCluniacs lobby for the reform of the entire lobby for the reform of the entire churchchurch The attack upon simony (buying and selling of The attack upon simony (buying and selling of offices)offices) German emperor Henry III deposed German emperor Henry III deposed threenoblesthreenobles who claimed to be pope (1046)who claimed to be pope (1046)

II. The Reform of the II. The Reform of the Church (Contd.)Church (Contd.)Promulgates decrees against simony, clerical Promulgates decrees against simony, clerical

marriage, and immorality marriage, and immorality Traveled through France, Italy, Germany, and Traveled through France, Italy, Germany, and Hungary disciplining clerics Hungary disciplining clerics A new vision of the church as a hierarchical A new vision of the church as a hierarchical organization organization

Reform popes were most successful Reform popes were most successful whentheywhenthey had the support of secular rulers had the support of secular rulers Pope Nicholas II issues decree on papal Pope Nicholas II issues decree on papal electionselections

Right to select a pope rests with the College of Right to select a pope rests with the College of CardinalsCardinals Opened a breach between the reform party in Opened a breach between the reform party in

II. The Reform of the II. The Reform of the Church (Contd.)Church (Contd.)

The Investiture ConflictThe Investiture Conflict Pope Gregory VII (1073Pope Gregory VII (1073––1085) supported by 1085) supported by a Roman moba Roman mob

WellWell--known reformerknown reformer His election violated the 1059 Electoral DecreeHis election violated the 1059 Electoral Decree

Henry IV (German emperor) treats Gregory Henry IV (German emperor) treats Gregory with deferencewith deference For Gregory, pope and emperor are two For Gregory, pope and emperor are two eyes of a single, Christian body eyes of a single, Christian body The major question: lay investitureThe major question: lay investiture

II. The Reform of the II. The Reform of the Church (Contd.)Church (Contd.)

GregoryGregory’’s reformss reforms Ending simony and clerical marriageEnding simony and clerical marriage Ensuring free elections to all church officesEnsuring free elections to all church offices Prohibited clerics from accepting offices from Prohibited clerics from accepting offices from laymenlaymen

Henry refuses to submit to GregoryHenry refuses to submit to Gregory Traditional rights of the kingTraditional rights of the king Invests new archbishop in MilanInvests new archbishop in Milan

Henry renounces obedience to GregoryHenry renounces obedience to Gregory Gregory excommunicates HenryGregory excommunicates Henry

Declares Henry no longer king of GermanyDeclares Henry no longer king of Germany

II. The Reform of the II. The Reform of the Church (Contd.)Church (Contd.)

Henry forced make a humiliating public submission Henry forced make a humiliating public submission to Gregory at Canossa (1077)to Gregory at Canossa (1077)

The issue at stakeThe issue at stake Who was the supreme ruler, pope or emperor?Who was the supreme ruler, pope or emperor? The necessity of spiritual and temporal powersThe necessity of spiritual and temporal powers

ConsequencesConsequences Lasting distinction between religion and politicsLasting distinction between religion and politics Church and religious authorityChurch and religious authority——state and political state and political authorityauthority In essence, not a churchIn essence, not a church--state conflictstate conflict——by 1122, by 1122, that is what that is what ithadithad becomebecome

II. The Reform of the II. The Reform of the Church (Contd.)Church (Contd.)

Concordat of WormsConcordat of Worms Resolved the papalResolved the papal--imperial conflictimperial conflict Established the hierarchical order headed by the popeEstablished the hierarchical order headed by the pope

The consolidation of the papal monarchy The consolidation of the papal monarchy Investiture Conflict as papal victoryInvestiture Conflict as papal victory

Strengthened papacyStrengthened papacy’’s claim to jurisdictional s claim to jurisdictional supremacy over the clergy supremacy over the clergy Resulted in greater popular interest in religious Resulted in greater popular interest in religious mattersmatters

Growth of church government apparatus Growth of church government apparatus

II. The Reform of the II. The Reform of the Church (Contd.)Church (Contd.)

Development of church or canon lawDevelopment of church or canon law Gratian (fl. twelfth century) Gratian (fl. twelfth century)

The The DecretumDecretum or The Concord of Discordant Canons or The Concord of Discordant Canons

Cases in canon law courts increasedCases in canon law courts increased The importance of legal expertiseThe importance of legal expertise

The reign of Innocent III (1198The reign of Innocent III (1198––1216) 1216) Elected pope at thirtyElected pope at thirty--seven seven Studied theology and canon law Studied theology and canon law Goal was to unify Christendom under papal Goal was to unify Christendom under papal hegemonyhegemony

II. The Reform of the II. The Reform of the Church (Contd.)Church (Contd.)

Never questioned the right of the king to rule in the Never questioned the right of the king to rule in the secular spheresecular sphere He would discipline kings whenever they sinnedHe would discipline kings whenever they sinned

Founded the Papal StatesFounded the Papal States Engineered the triumph of Frederick IIEngineered the triumph of Frederick II Fourth Lateran Council (1215) Fourth Lateran Council (1215)

Popes of the thirteenth centuryPopes of the thirteenth century Popes after Innocent began to appear more Popes after Innocent began to appear more like ordinary, acquisitive rulerslike ordinary, acquisitive rulers Conflicts with FrederickConflicts with Frederick

II. The Reform of the II. The Reform of the Church (Contd.)Church (Contd.)

Popes enhanced power of church Popes enhanced power of church government government

Asserted the right to name candidates for Asserted the right to name candidates for ecclesiastical positions ecclesiastical positions Controlled curriculum at the University of Paris Controlled curriculum at the University of Paris Political misuse of the institution of the Crusades Political misuse of the institution of the Crusades (against Frederick)(against Frederick) Loss of spiritual prestigeLoss of spiritual prestige

Decline of the papal monarchyDecline of the papal monarchy Boniface VIII (1294Boniface VIII (1294––1303)1303)

The growth of national monarchiesThe growth of national monarchies

II. The Reform of the II. The Reform of the Church (Contd.)Church (Contd.)

Disputes with English and French kings Disputes with English and French kings Clerical taxationClerical taxation Papacy moves from Rome to Avignon (1316Papacy moves from Rome to Avignon (1316––1377) 1377)

Balance of power shifted toward the state Balance of power shifted toward the state and away from the churchand away from the church

Pious Christians looked to the state for Pious Christians looked to the state for campaigns of moral and spiritual improvementcampaigns of moral and spiritual improvement

III. The Outburst of III. The Outburst of Religious Vitality Religious Vitality

European religious revivalEuropean religious revival Cistercians and Cistercians and CarthusiansCarthusians

Founding of new ordersFounding of new orders CisterciansCistercians

Followed the Benedictine Rule in a most austere Followed the Benedictine Rule in a most austere manner manner Founded new monasteries away from civilizationFounded new monasteries away from civilization Shunned unnecessary church decorationShunned unnecessary church decoration Abandoned Abandoned CluniacCluniac stress on an elaborate liturgystress on an elaborate liturgy Contemplation, prayer, manual labor Contemplation, prayer, manual labor

III. The Outburst of III. The Outburst of Religious Vitality (contd.)Religious Vitality (contd.)

Changing nature of religious belief and Changing nature of religious belief and devotion devotion

Shift away from the cult of saints Shift away from the cult of saints Emphasis on worship of Jesus and veneration of Emphasis on worship of Jesus and veneration of the Virgin Mary the Virgin Mary Veneration of relics replaced by concentration on Veneration of relics replaced by concentration on the Eucharistthe Eucharist

TransubstantiationTransubstantiation The host elevated for all to seeThe host elevated for all to see The identification with ChristThe identification with Christ

III. The Outburst of III. The Outburst of Religious Vitality (Contd.)Religious Vitality (Contd.)

The cult of the Virgin MaryThe cult of the Virgin Mary Patron saint of the Cistercians Patron saint of the Cistercians Notre Dame (Notre Dame (““Our LadyOur Lady””) cathedrals) cathedrals——Paris, Paris, Chartres, Rheims, and elsewhereChartres, Rheims, and elsewhere Mary as intercessor with Jesus for human Mary as intercessor with Jesus for human salvation salvation Set a woman in an honored place in the Set a woman in an honored place in the Christian religion Christian religion

Hildegard of Hildegard of BingenBingen (1098(1098––1179) 1179) Religious visions, inspired by God Religious visions, inspired by God

III. The Outburst of III. The Outburst of Religious Vitality (Contd.)Religious Vitality (Contd.)

Composed religious songsComposed religious songs The challenge of popular heresyThe challenge of popular heresy

Difficult to control lay enthusiasmDifficult to control lay enthusiasm Had the church lost its idealistic goals?Had the church lost its idealistic goals? The The ““miraculousmiraculous”” powers of the priestpowers of the priest The The CatharsCathars ((AlbigensiansAlbigensians) )

Strongest in northern Italy and southern France Strongest in northern Italy and southern France Believed all matter was evil Believed all matter was evil Holiness required extreme asceticismHoliness required extreme asceticism Dualistic religion Dualistic religion

III. The Outburst of III. The Outburst of Religious Vitality (Contd.)Religious Vitality (Contd.)

Role of noblewomen in the spread of Role of noblewomen in the spread of CatharismCatharism

The The WaldensiansWaldensians Originated by Peter Waldo at Lyons Originated by Peter Waldo at Lyons Imitated the life of Christ and the apostles Imitated the life of Christ and the apostles Translated and studied the Gospels Translated and studied the Gospels Dedicated themselves to poverty and preaching Dedicated themselves to poverty and preaching An alternative church?An alternative church?

InnocentInnocent’’s reaction s reaction Crushing disobedienceCrushing disobedience

III. The Outburst of III. The Outburst of Religious Vitality (Contd.)Religious Vitality (Contd.)

Supporting idealistic religious groupsSupporting idealistic religious groups A crusade against the A crusade against the AlbigensiansAlbigensians The Inquisition (torture first used in 1252) The Inquisition (torture first used in 1252)

Fourth Lateran Council (1215) Fourth Lateran Council (1215) Sacraments administered by the church would Sacraments administered by the church would secure Godsecure God’’s grace s grace Emphasis on the Eucharist and penance Emphasis on the Eucharist and penance Transubstantiation formally defined Transubstantiation formally defined

III. The Outburst of III. The Outburst of Religious Vitality (Contd.)Religious Vitality (Contd.)

Franciscans and Dominicans Franciscans and Dominicans Imitated the life of Jesus while wandering Imitated the life of Jesus while wandering the European countryside in small groupsthe European countryside in small groups The DominicansThe Dominicans

Founded by St. Dominic (1170Founded by St. Dominic (1170––1221) 1221) Approved by Innocent (1216)Approved by Innocent (1216) Dedicated to fighting heresy Dedicated to fighting heresy The conversion of Jews and Muslims The conversion of Jews and Muslims

III. The Outburst of III. The Outburst of Religious Vitality (Contd.)Religious Vitality (Contd.)

Preaching and public debatePreaching and public debate——intellectually intellectually orientedoriented Heretics best controlled by legal procedureHeretics best controlled by legal procedure

The Franciscans The Franciscans Founded by St. Francis of Assisi (1181Founded by St. Francis of Assisi (1181––1226) 1226)

Gave away all his propertyGave away all his property Committed to an Committed to an ““emotionalemotional”” religion religion Imitated the life of Christ Imitated the life of Christ Indifference toward doctrine, form or ceremony Indifference toward doctrine, form or ceremony Revered the Eucharist Revered the Eucharist

III. The Outburst of III. The Outburst of Religious Vitality (Contd.)Religious Vitality (Contd.)

b. Granted approval by Innocent (1209)b. Granted approval by Innocent (1209) c. Spread of the movementc. Spread of the movement d. Specialized in d. Specialized in revivalisticrevivalistic outdoor preachingoutdoor preaching

ConsequencesConsequences Combated heresyCombated heresy Helped preach papal crusadesHelped preach papal crusades Active missionary workActive missionary work Power by examplePower by example Not completely successful in converting the hereticNot completely successful in converting the heretic

III. The Outburst of III. The Outburst of Religious Vitality (Contd.)Religious Vitality (Contd.)

Jews and ChristiansJews and Christians Church did little to condemn or contain antiChurch did little to condemn or contain anti-- SemitismSemitism Popular Christian attitudesPopular Christian attitudes

Jews were the agents of SatanJews were the agents of Satan The crucifixion of Christian childrenThe crucifixion of Christian children

ThirteenthThirteenth--century kings begin expelling century kings begin expelling Jews from their kingdomsJews from their kingdoms

IV. The Medieval IV. The Medieval Intellectual RevivalIntellectual Revival

The growth of schools The growth of schools AntecedentsAntecedents——Charlemagne reorganized Charlemagne reorganized cathedral and monastic schoolscathedral and monastic schools TwelfthTwelfth--century monasteries abandon century monasteries abandon practice of educating outsiders practice of educating outsiders Cathedral schoolsCathedral schools——main centers of European main centers of European educationeducation Broadening of the curriculum (twelfth century) Broadening of the curriculum (twelfth century) Growing demand for trained officials Growing demand for trained officials

Knowledge of Latin grammar requiredKnowledge of Latin grammar required

IV. The Medieval IV. The Medieval Intellectual Revival Intellectual Revival (Contd.)(Contd.)Classical Roman authorsClassical Roman authors

PhilosophyPhilosophy

New schoolsNew schools Education for those not intended to join the clergyEducation for those not intended to join the clergy Children of the upper classesChildren of the upper classes Future notaries, merchants, or estate officialsFuture notaries, merchants, or estate officials Schools became independent of ecclesiastical Schools became independent of ecclesiastical controlcontrol Nonreligious lines of inquiryNonreligious lines of inquiry

IV. The Medieval IV. The Medieval Intellectual Revival Intellectual Revival (Contd.)(Contd.)

The rise of universities The rise of universities Originally offered instruction beyond the Originally offered instruction beyond the cathedral schoolcathedral school——advanced liberal arts advanced liberal arts Advanced liberal arts, law, medicine, and Advanced liberal arts, law, medicine, and theologytheology First university at BolognaFirst university at Bologna——known for legal known for legal studiesstudies University of Paris University of Paris ——known for theological known for theological and philosophical studiesand philosophical studies

Peter Abelard (1079Peter Abelard (1079––1142)1142) Attracted students from across EuropeAttracted students from across Europe

IV. The Medieval IV. The Medieval Intellectual Revival Intellectual Revival (Contd.)(Contd.)

““UniversityUniversity”” originally meant a corporation or originally meant a corporation or guild of students or teachersguild of students or teachers University gradually came to mean an University gradually came to mean an educational institution with a school of liberal educational institution with a school of liberal artsarts ThirteenthThirteenth--century schools: Oxford, century schools: Oxford, Cambridge, Montpellier, Salamanca, and Cambridge, Montpellier, Salamanca, and NaplesNaples Universities as student corporationsUniversities as student corporations

BolognaBologna Students hired and paid teachersStudents hired and paid teachers

IV. The Medieval IV. The Medieval Intellectual Revival Intellectual Revival (Contd.)(Contd.)

Universities as teacher corporationUniversities as teacher corporation ParisParis

Arts, theology, law, and medicineArts, theology, law, and medicine

10. Modern degree system10. Modern degree system——B.A., M.A., B.A., M.A., Ph.D.Ph.D.

Emphasis on abstract analysis and disputation Emphasis on abstract analysis and disputation

Student life Student life Town and gownTown and gown Study was intenseStudy was intense The value of authorityThe value of authority

IV. The Medieval IV. The Medieval Intellectual Revival Intellectual Revival (Contd.)(Contd.)

Rote memorizationRote memorization Public disputationPublic disputation

The recovery of classical learning The recovery of classical learning Greek and Arabic works given Latin Greek and Arabic works given Latin translations translations Burst of translating activity centered in Spain Burst of translating activity centered in Spain and Italyand Italy Rediscovery of Aristotle, Euclid, Galen, and Rediscovery of Aristotle, Euclid, Galen, and PtolemyPtolemy Building on past speculative thoughtBuilding on past speculative thought

N t l iN t l i

IV. The Medieval IV. The Medieval Intellectual Revival Intellectual Revival (Contd.)(Contd.)Robert Robert GrossetesteGrosseteste (c. 1168(c. 1168––1253) 1253)

Translated all of AristotleTranslated all of Aristotle’’s Ethicss Ethics Theoretical advances in mathematics, astronomy, and Theoretical advances in mathematics, astronomy, and opticsoptics

Roger Bacon (c. 1214Roger Bacon (c. 1214––1294) 1294) Further studies on opticsFurther studies on optics

Knowledge of nature more certain when based on Knowledge of nature more certain when based on sensory evidencesensory evidence

Scholasticism Scholasticism A new worldview: highly systematic and A new worldview: highly systematic and respectful of authority respectful of authority

IV. The Medieval IV. The Medieval Intellectual Revival Intellectual Revival (Contd.)(Contd.)

The theory and practice of reconciling The theory and practice of reconciling classical philosophy with Christian faith classical philosophy with Christian faith Peter Abelard (1079Peter Abelard (1079––1143) 1143)

Taught at Paris Taught at Paris The first intellectual?The first intellectual? Adept at logicAdept at logic The seduction of Heloise (1118)The seduction of Heloise (1118) The Story of My Calamities The Story of My Calamities Sic et Non (Yes and No)Sic et Non (Yes and No)

IV. The Medieval IV. The Medieval Intellectual Revival Intellectual Revival (Contd.)(Contd.)Gathered 150 statements from the Church FathersGathered 150 statements from the Church Fathers

Using careful study to arrive at truthUsing careful study to arrive at truth AbelardAbelard’’s methods method——Socratic questioningSocratic questioning Treated theology as a science, applying to it the laws of Treated theology as a science, applying to it the laws of logic logic The harmony of reason and faith The harmony of reason and faith

The triumph of scholasticismThe triumph of scholasticism Peter Lombard (c. 1100Peter Lombard (c. 1100––1164)1164)

Book of SentencesBook of Sentences Raised theological questions in consequential Raised theological questions in consequential orderorder

IV. The Medieval IV. The Medieval Intellectual Revival Intellectual Revival (Contd.)(Contd.)

Answered from both sides of the questionAnswered from both sides of the question

The scholastic methodThe scholastic method Aristotle as Aristotle as ““The PhilosopherThe Philosopher””

The writings of Saint Thomas Aquinas The writings of Saint Thomas Aquinas (1225(1225––1274) 1274)

Leading theologian at Paris Leading theologian at Paris Early Dominican educationEarly Dominican education Faith could be defended by reason Faith could be defended by reason Nature complements graceNature complements grace

IV. The Medieval IV. The Medieval Intellectual Revival Intellectual Revival (Contd.)(Contd.)Harmonized Greek philosophy with Christian Harmonized Greek philosophy with Christian

theologytheology Summa Contra Gentiles and Summa Summa Contra Gentiles and Summa TheologicaTheologica There are mysteries of faith that cannot be There are mysteries of faith that cannot be explained by reasonexplained by reason

The pinnacle of Western medieval thoughtThe pinnacle of Western medieval thought The receptivity to new ideasThe receptivity to new ideas The authority of a text was not the sole judge The authority of a text was not the sole judge in argumentsin arguments Exalting the dignity of human nature as a Exalting the dignity of human nature as a

V. The Blossoming of V. The Blossoming of Literature, Art, and Music Literature, Art, and Music

The Goliards The Goliards Wandering scholars Wandering scholars Parodied the liturgy Parodied the liturgy Rejection of Christian asceticismRejection of Christian asceticism

Vernacular literatureVernacular literature Song of Roland (French) Song of Roland (French) Song of the Song of the NibelungsNibelungs (German) (German) Poem of the Cid (Spanish) Poem of the Cid (Spanish)

V. The Blossoming of V. The Blossoming of Literature, Art, and Music Literature, Art, and Music (Contd.)(Contd.)TroubadoursTroubadours’’ poetry and courtly poetry and courtly

romancesromances Sophisticated styleSophisticated style Theme of courtly loveTheme of courtly love Romances Romances

Long, narrative poemsLong, narrative poems Written in the vernacular, Romance languages Written in the vernacular, Romance languages ChrChréétiantian de Troyesde Troyes——wrote Arthurian romanceswrote Arthurian romances Wolfram von Wolfram von EschenbachEschenbach, , ParzivalParzival Gottfried von Gottfried von StrassburgStrassburg, Tristan , Tristan

V. The Blossoming of V. The Blossoming of Literature, Art, and Music Literature, Art, and Music (Contd.)(Contd.)The fabliaux or verse fable The fabliaux or verse fable

Derived from AesopDerived from Aesop Significant reflection of growing worldlinessSignificant reflection of growing worldliness

The Divine Comedy The Divine Comedy Dante Alighieri (1265Dante Alighieri (1265––1321) 1321)

Native of Florence Native of Florence Mastered religious, philosophical, and literary Mastered religious, philosophical, and literary knowledge of his time knowledge of his time Familiar with the Bible, the church fathers, Virgil, Familiar with the Bible, the church fathers, Virgil, Cicero, and Boethius Cicero, and Boethius

V. The Blossoming of V. The Blossoming of Literature, Art, and Music Literature, Art, and Music (Contd.)(Contd.)

Expelled from Florence (1301)Expelled from Florence (1301)

The Divine Comedy The Divine Comedy Narrative in Italian rhyming verse Narrative in Italian rhyming verse PoetPoet’’s journey through hell, purgatory, and s journey through hell, purgatory, and heaven heaven Virgil as the poetVirgil as the poet’’s guide s guide BeatriceBeatrice Stressed the priority of salvationStressed the priority of salvation Humans have free will Humans have free will

V. The Blossoming of V. The Blossoming of Literature, Art, and Music Literature, Art, and Music (Contd.)(Contd.)Art and architecture Art and architecture

The Romanesque The Romanesque Origins in tenth century Origins in tenth century Manifesting the majesty of God in stone Manifesting the majesty of God in stone Subordinated all architectural details to a uniform Subordinated all architectural details to a uniform system system Stability and permanence Stability and permanence

The Gothic The Gothic Appeared in twelfth and thirteenth centuries Appeared in twelfth and thirteenth centuries Intricate building style Intricate building style Pointed arches, groined and ribbed vaults, flying Pointed arches, groined and ribbed vaults, flying buttressesbuttresses

V. The Blossoming of V. The Blossoming of Literature, Art, and Music Literature, Art, and Music (Contd.)(Contd.)Lighter and loftier construction Lighter and loftier construction

Exterior ornamentation Exterior ornamentation StainedStained--glass windowsglass windows An An ““encyclopedia of medieval knowledge carved in encyclopedia of medieval knowledge carved in stonestone””

Drama and musicDrama and music Short religious plays held in church in LatinShort religious plays held in church in Latin Supplanted by plays in the vernacularSupplanted by plays in the vernacular Outdoor performances (after 1200)Outdoor performances (after 1200) Medieval polyphony (playing two or more Medieval polyphony (playing two or more harmonious melodies together)harmonious melodies together)

VI. ConclusionVI. Conclusion

The The ““renaissance of the twelfth centuryrenaissance of the twelfth century”” Recovery and intensive study of classical Recovery and intensive study of classical textstexts New ideas, new attitudesNew ideas, new attitudes

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This concludes the Norton Media Library Slide Set for Chapter 9

Western Civilizations by

Judith G. Coffin Robert C. Stacey Robert E. Lerner

Standish Meacham

W. W. Norton & Company Independent and Employee-Owned