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WESTERN WESTERN CIVILIZATIONSCIVILIZATIONS

Chapter 8

Norton Media LibraryNorton Media Library

I. IntroductionI. Introduction

Europe in 1000Europe in 1000 Shifting balance of powerShifting balance of power A weakened Europe and the strength of A weakened Europe and the strength of Byzantine and Islamic civilizationByzantine and Islamic civilization Viking, Hungarian, and Muslim attacksViking, Hungarian, and Muslim attacks

B. Europe in 1300B. Europe in 1300 Europe the dominant military, economic, and Europe the dominant military, economic, and political powerpolitical power A Catholic European worldA Catholic European world

I. Introduction (contd.)I. Introduction (contd.)

Expansion of European commerceExpansion of European commerce UrbanizationUrbanization Economic growthEconomic growth More powerful governmentsMore powerful governments Social stratificationSocial stratification

II. The First Agricultural II. The First Agricultural RevolutionRevolution

TransformationsTransformations Technological innovationTechnological innovation Improved climateImproved climate New cropNew crop--rotation systemrotation system Investment in tools, livestock, and millsInvestment in tools, livestock, and mills

Technological advancesTechnological advances HeavyHeavy--wheeled plow, horse collars, and wheeled plow, horse collars, and harnessesharnesses

Better aeration of the soilBetter aeration of the soil Saved laborSaved labor

II. The First Agricultural II. The First Agricultural Revolution (Contd.)Revolution (Contd.)

Iron horseshoes, the tandem harness, and Iron horseshoes, the tandem harness, and iron hand toolsiron hand tools MillsMills

After 1050, a craze in northern European water After 1050, a craze in northern European water millsmills Windmills introduced in the 1170sWindmills introduced in the 1170s

ResultsResults Greater security as Viking, Hungarian, and Muslim Greater security as Viking, Hungarian, and Muslim attacks decreasedattacks decreased Growing confidence of entrepreneurial peasants Growing confidence of entrepreneurial peasants and lordsand lords A new profit motive?A new profit motive?

II. The First Agricultural II. The First Agricultural Revolution (Contd.)Revolution (Contd.)

Increased European populationIncreased European population Efficient market for goodsEfficient market for goods

ManorialismManorialism, serfdom, and agricultural , serfdom, and agricultural productivityproductivity

Changes in patterns of peasant settlement Changes in patterns of peasant settlement (England, northern Europe, and western (England, northern Europe, and western Germany)Germany) The development of the manorThe development of the manor Consolidation of individual peasant holdingsConsolidation of individual peasant holdings The lord of the manorThe lord of the manor

II. The First Agricultural II. The First Agricultural Revolution (Contd.)Revolution (Contd.)

Claimed largest share of peasantsClaimed largest share of peasants’’ productionproduction Strip farmingStrip farming The The demensedemense (private use)(private use) Peasant labor servicesPeasant labor services

The peasantsThe peasants Similar to slaves: worked without pay, paid Similar to slaves: worked without pay, paid humiliating fineshumiliating fines Unlike slaves: their obligations were fixed by Unlike slaves: their obligations were fixed by customcustom

New cropNew crop--rotation systemsrotation systems 1. Three1. Three--field system of crop rotationfield system of crop rotation

II. The First Agricultural II. The First Agricultural Revolution (Contd.)Revolution (Contd.)

Adaptable to wet, fertile soils of northern Adaptable to wet, fertile soils of northern EuropeEurope Produced higher yields and was insurance Produced higher yields and was insurance against disasteragainst disaster New types of food (for humans and horses)New types of food (for humans and horses) Helped spread labor more evenly over the Helped spread labor more evenly over the course of the yearcourse of the year

II. The First Agricultural II. The First Agricultural Revolution (Contd.)Revolution (Contd.)

Serfdom and the limits of Serfdom and the limits of manorialismmanorialism ManorialismManorialism never predominant across Europe never predominant across Europe at any one timeat any one time Mostly limited to England and parts of France Mostly limited to England and parts of France and Germanyand Germany ThirteenthThirteenth--century breakdowncentury breakdown

Lords collect revenue in cash, avoiding the risks of Lords collect revenue in cash, avoiding the risks of the marketthe market Distinction between serf and free peasant slowly Distinction between serf and free peasant slowly dissolvesdissolves

III. The Growth of Towns and III. The Growth of Towns and CitiesCities

Agricultural revolution served as Agricultural revolution served as foundation for a new commercial foundation for a new commercial revolutionrevolution CommerceCommerce

By the twelfth century, trade controlled by By the twelfth century, trade controlled by Venetian, Venetian, PisanPisan, and Genoese naval forces, and Genoese naval forces Created an expanding market for Eastern Created an expanding market for Eastern luxury goodsluxury goods Dominance of Italian trade networks Dominance of Italian trade networks (Constantinople, Alexandria, and the West)(Constantinople, Alexandria, and the West)

III. The Growth of Towns and III. The Growth of Towns and Cities (Contd.)Cities (Contd.)

The Champagne fairsThe Champagne fairs Flemish merchants sold cloth to ItaliansFlemish merchants sold cloth to Italians Italian merchants sold Eastern spices and silks to Italian merchants sold Eastern spices and silks to the Flemishthe Flemish

LongLong--distance tradedistance trade A risky enterpriseA risky enterprise PiracyPiracy

Italian merchants develop new commercial Italian merchants develop new commercial methodsmethods

Partnership contractsPartnership contracts DoubleDouble--entry bookkeepingentry bookkeeping New credit mechanismsNew credit mechanisms

III. The Growth of Towns and III. The Growth of Towns and Cities (Contd.)Cities (Contd.)

Commerce and urbanizationCommerce and urbanization

TownsTowns Symbiotic relationship with the countrysideSymbiotic relationship with the countryside Provided markets for manufactured goodsProvided markets for manufactured goods Specialization in certain enterprisesSpecialization in certain enterprises

Paris and Bologna: university townsParis and Bologna: university towns Venice, Genoa, Cologne, and London: longVenice, Genoa, Cologne, and London: long-- distance tradedistance trade Milan, Florence, Ghent, and Bruges: manufacturesMilan, Florence, Ghent, and Bruges: manufactures

III. The Growth of Towns and III. The Growth of Towns and Cities (Contd.)Cities (Contd.)

The guild systemThe guild system MaleMale--dominated, professional associations of dominated, professional associations of craftsmencraftsmen——small, privately owned workshopssmall, privately owned workshops Preserving monopolies and limiting competitionPreserving monopolies and limiting competition The master craftsmanThe master craftsman Apprentices and journeymenApprentices and journeymen The The ““masterpiecemasterpiece”” Controlled prices and wagesControlled prices and wages Formulated regulations governing methods of Formulated regulations governing methods of production and quality of goodsproduction and quality of goods

III. The Growth of Towns and III. The Growth of Towns and Cities (Contd.)Cities (Contd.)

Social functionsSocial functions Merchant guildsMerchant guilds

Monopolies in the local marketMonopolies in the local market Controlled admission to citizenshipControlled admission to citizenship

SanitationSanitation FireFire Urban prideUrban pride

IV. Byzantium, Islam, and the IV. Byzantium, Islam, and the CrusadesCrusades

Abbasid declineAbbasid decline Muslim pressure on the eastern borders of Muslim pressure on the eastern borders of the empirethe empire The Byzantine RevivalThe Byzantine Revival

A changed positionA changed position St. Cyril and St. Methodius convert Balkan Slavs St. Cyril and St. Methodius convert Balkan Slavs to Orthodox Christianityto Orthodox Christianity A new written languageA new written language——Old Church Slavonic Old Church Slavonic (Cyrillic alphabet)(Cyrillic alphabet) Annexation of Greece, Bulgaria, and SerbiaAnnexation of Greece, Bulgaria, and Serbia Milit d i l lli ith th tMilit d i l lli ith th t

IV. Byzantium, Islam, and the IV. Byzantium, Islam, and the Crusades (Contd.)Crusades (Contd.)

Eastern conquests (930s and 970s)Eastern conquests (930s and 970s) Greatly increased power of local noble familiesGreatly increased power of local noble families New centers of power outside ConstantinopleNew centers of power outside Constantinople Tensions and rivalriesTensions and rivalries

The invasion of the TurksThe invasion of the Turks Venice, Pisa, and Genoa emerge as dominant Venice, Pisa, and Genoa emerge as dominant traders in the eastern Mediterraneantraders in the eastern Mediterranean Growing power of Fatimid EgyptGrowing power of Fatimid Egypt

IV. Byzantium, Islam, and the IV. Byzantium, Islam, and the Crusades (Contd.)Crusades (Contd.)

The Seljuk Turks moved into Asia MinorThe Seljuk Turks moved into Asia Minor Battle of Battle of ManzikertManzikert (1071)(1071) The Turks now set to seize all of AnatoliaThe Turks now set to seize all of Anatolia

Alexius Alexius ComnenusComnenus (1048(1048––1118)1118) Appeals to Pope Urban II for troops to repel the Appeals to Pope Urban II for troops to repel the TurksTurks

The First CrusadeThe First Crusade Pope Pope UrbanUrban’’ss appealappeal

Bring the Orthodox Church into communion with Bring the Orthodox Church into communion with the papacythe papacy Embarrass the German emperor, Henry IVEmbarrass the German emperor, Henry IV

IV. Byzantium, Islam, and the IV. Byzantium, Islam, and the Crusades (Contd.)Crusades (Contd.)

Achieving peace at homeAchieving peace at home Goal of JerusalemGoal of Jerusalem

1095: calls the First Crusade at Clermont1095: calls the First Crusade at Clermont 100,000 men, women and children march to 100,000 men, women and children march to ConstantinopleConstantinople MotivesMotives

Win new landsWin new lands Prospect of adventureProspect of adventure ReligiousReligious——a mission from Goda mission from God

PilgrimagePilgrimage Freed from punishment in purgatoryFreed from punishment in purgatory

IV. Byzantium, Islam, and the IV. Byzantium, Islam, and the Crusades (Contd.)Crusades (Contd.)

Plenary indulgencesPlenary indulgences

Assaults against Jewish communities (Mainz, Assaults against Jewish communities (Mainz, Worms, Speyer, and Cologne)Worms, Speyer, and Cologne) Byzantium seen as an obstacle to recovery of Byzantium seen as an obstacle to recovery of Jerusalem for ChristianityJerusalem for Christianity Crusaders capture Antioch and most of Syria Crusaders capture Antioch and most of Syria (1098)(1098) Crusaders take Jerusalem, slaughtering its Crusaders take Jerusalem, slaughtering its inhabitants (1099)inhabitants (1099) Furthered the decline of Byzantine commerceFurthered the decline of Byzantine commerce

IV. Byzantium, Islam, and the IV. Byzantium, Islam, and the Crusades (Contd.)Crusades (Contd.)

The later CrusadesThe later Crusades Crusaders did not wish to interfere with trade routesCrusaders did not wish to interfere with trade routes For the Muslims, the loss of Jerusalem was a religious For the Muslims, the loss of Jerusalem was a religious affrontaffront The Second CrusadeThe Second Crusade

Syrian principalities recaptured by the MuslimsSyrian principalities recaptured by the Muslims Christian warriors too internally divided to reverse any lossesChristian warriors too internally divided to reverse any losses Muslim leader Saladin recaptures Jerusalem (1187)Muslim leader Saladin recaptures Jerusalem (1187)

IV. Byzantium, Islam, and the IV. Byzantium, Islam, and the Crusades (Contd.)Crusades (Contd.)

The Third CrusadeThe Third Crusade Frederick Barbarossa (c. 1123Frederick Barbarossa (c. 1123––1190)1190) Philip Augustus (1165Philip Augustus (1165––1223)1223) Richard the Lionhearted (1157Richard the Lionhearted (1157––1199)1199) A failed campaignA failed campaign

The Fourth CrusadeThe Fourth Crusade Summoned by Innocent IIISummoned by Innocent III

IV. Byzantium, Islam, and the IV. Byzantium, Islam, and the Crusades (Contd.)Crusades (Contd.)

A disaster for the crusading armiesA disaster for the crusading armies Civil war in GermanyCivil war in Germany War between England and FranceWar between England and France Depleted ranks of crusading armiesDepleted ranks of crusading armies

The consequences of the CrusadesThe consequences of the Crusades Disaster for ByzantiumDisaster for Byzantium Modest effect on the Islamic worldModest effect on the Islamic world Trade between Islam and the West continuedTrade between Islam and the West continued

IV. Byzantium, Islam, and the IV. Byzantium, Islam, and the Crusades (Contd.)Crusades (Contd.)

The West learned new technologies of The West learned new technologies of fortificationfortification The Muslims learned about siege warfareThe Muslims learned about siege warfare The crystallization of Christian and Islamic The crystallization of Christian and Islamic doctrines of the holy war against the infideldoctrines of the holy war against the infidel Western EuropeWestern Europe

Difficult to assessDifficult to assess Western expansionismWestern expansionism Could not maintain coloniesCould not maintain colonies Greatest gains went to the republics of Venice and Greatest gains went to the republics of Venice and GenoaGenoa Cutting out the Islamic middle manCutting out the Islamic middle man

V. Social Mobility and Social V. Social Mobility and Social Inequality in High Medieval Inequality in High Medieval

EuropeEurope General observationsGeneral observations

New commercial and professional elitesNew commercial and professional elites Wealthiest Europeans were merchants and Wealthiest Europeans were merchants and bankersbankers Urban dwellers move to countrysideUrban dwellers move to countryside——rural rural people moved to towns and citiespeople moved to towns and cities The emergence of schoolsThe emergence of schools——a growing a growing professional classprofessional class Society became more fluid and more complexSociety became more fluid and more complex Social advancementSocial advancement

V. Social Mobility and Social V. Social Mobility and Social Inequality in High Medieval Inequality in High Medieval

Europe (Contd.)Europe (Contd.)Nobles and knightsNobles and knights A more highly stratified societyA more highly stratified society New families established as territorial lordsNew families established as territorial lords KnighthoodKnighthood

A new social order of men of widely varying social A new social order of men of widely varying social rankrank A specialized warrior group associated with the A specialized warrior group associated with the nobilitynobility Increasing costs of knighthoodIncreasing costs of knighthood

More elaborate and expensive lifestyleMore elaborate and expensive lifestyle Needed an estate of at least 1200 acresNeeded an estate of at least 1200 acres

V. Social Mobility and Social V. Social Mobility and Social Inequality in High Medieval Inequality in High Medieval

Europe (Contd.)Europe (Contd.)Chivalry and courtly loveChivalry and courtly love Knightly code of valuesKnightly code of values A social ideology of values and identificationA social ideology of values and identification Knighthood and nobilityKnighthood and nobility

An amalgamation of values and goalsAn amalgamation of values and goals

ThirteenthThirteenth--century chivalrycentury chivalry——an ideology of a an ideology of a social classsocial class

Dividing those who were of the nobility and those Dividing those who were of the nobility and those who were notwho were not The rules of battleThe rules of battle

V. Social Mobility and Social V. Social Mobility and Social Inequality in High Medieval Inequality in High Medieval

Europe (Contd.)Europe (Contd.) Cult of courtly loveCult of courtly love

Women as objects of male venerationWomen as objects of male veneration Courtly love as refined loveCourtly love as refined love Noble women were courted, peasant women could Noble women were courted, peasant women could be taken by forcebe taken by force

The literature of courtly loveThe literature of courtly love The Song of RolandThe Song of Roland Idealistic and artificialIdealistic and artificial

The hanging role of noble womenThe hanging role of noble women

VI. Politics and GovernmentVI. Politics and Government

ObservationsObservations New forms of government and political lifeNew forms of government and political life

Urban governmentUrban government Nobility attracted to wealth of the citiesNobility attracted to wealth of the cities

Lent an aristocratic cast to political life of the Lent an aristocratic cast to political life of the townstowns A violent culture of honor and vendettaA violent culture of honor and vendetta

VI. Politics and Government VI. Politics and Government (Contd.)(Contd.)

Informal government arrangementsInformal government arrangements Special chartersSpecial charters SelfSelf--governmentgovernment The The ““communecommune”” OligarchicalOligarchical controlcontrol

VII. Feudalism and the VII. Feudalism and the Emergence of National Emergence of National

MonarchiesMonarchies ObservationsObservations

Europe a continent of kingdomsEurope a continent of kingdoms

The problem of feudalismThe problem of feudalism Feudalism as a highly decentralized political Feudalism as a highly decentralized political systemsystem Varieties of interpretationVarieties of interpretation

Marxist historiographyMarxist historiography Social historiansSocial historians Legal historiansLegal historians Military historiansMilitary historians

VII. Feudalism and the VII. Feudalism and the Emergence of National Emergence of National Monarchies (Contd.)Monarchies (Contd.)

Feudalism definedFeudalism defined A political system in which public powers were A political system in which public powers were exercised by private lordsexercised by private lords First took shape in tenthFirst took shape in tenth-- and eleventhand eleventh--century century FranceFrance Justified a hierarchical legal and political orderJustified a hierarchical legal and political order VocabularyVocabulary

Fief: a contract in which something of value was Fief: a contract in which something of value was exchanged for serviceexchanged for service

VII. Feudalism and the VII. Feudalism and the Emergence of National Emergence of National Monarchies (Contd.)Monarchies (Contd.)Vassal: recipient of a fiefVassal: recipient of a fief Homage: a solemn act in which a vassal becomes Homage: a solemn act in which a vassal becomes ““the the manman”” of his lordof his lord

Personal relationships of service in return for landPersonal relationships of service in return for land-- holdingholding

The Norman conquest of EnglandThe Norman conquest of England 10661066——feudalism first appears in Englandfeudalism first appears in England William the Conqueror (1027William the Conqueror (1027––1087)1087)

Rewarded his Norman followers with grants of Rewarded his Norman followers with grants of English landEnglish land Exercised a variety of public rights not derived Exercised a variety of public rights not derived from feudalismfrom feudalism

VII. Feudalism and the VII. Feudalism and the Emergence of National Emergence of National Monarchies (Contd.)Monarchies (Contd.)All landowners owed loyalty to the kingAll landowners owed loyalty to the king——a a

centralized feudalismcentralized feudalism Represented a fusion of Carolingian public power Represented a fusion of Carolingian public power with new feudal structures of power and with new feudal structures of power and landholdinglandholding

Feudal monarchy in EnglandFeudal monarchy in England The rise of administrative kingshipThe rise of administrative kingship Henry I (1068Henry I (1068––1135)1135)

Created the clerks of the ExchequerCreated the clerks of the Exchequer Strengthened local administrationStrengthened local administration Traveling circuit judgesTraveling circuit judges

VII. Feudalism and the VII. Feudalism and the Emergence of National Emergence of National Monarchies (Contd.)Monarchies (Contd.)The reign of Henry II (1133The reign of Henry II (1133––1189)1189)

Already the ruler of Normandy, Anjou, Maine, Already the ruler of Normandy, Anjou, Maine, and Aquitaineand Aquitaine Orders juries of local men to report under Orders juries of local men to report under oath every violation of the lawsoath every violation of the laws Origin of the grand juryOrigin of the grand jury System of System of ““writswrits”” Tried to reform operation of church courtsTried to reform operation of church courts Thomas BecketThomas Becket

Archbishop of CanterburyArchbishop of Canterbury

VII. Feudalism and the VII. Feudalism and the Emergence of National Emergence of National Monarchies (Contd.)Monarchies (Contd.)

The Constitutions of Clarendon (1164)The Constitutions of Clarendon (1164) Clerics convicted of serious crimes to be handed over to Clerics convicted of serious crimes to be handed over to royal court for sentencingroyal court for sentencing

Becket objectedBecket objected Fled to FranceFled to France Murdered upon his return to EnglandMurdered upon his return to England

Henry forced to surrender several of his Henry forced to surrender several of his claims (e.g., the right to sentence criminal claims (e.g., the right to sentence criminal clerics)clerics) Richard the Lionhearted (1157Richard the Lionhearted (1157––1199)1199)

VII. Feudalism and the VII. Feudalism and the Emergence of National Emergence of National Monarchies (Contd.)Monarchies (Contd.)The reign of King John and the Magna The reign of King John and the Magna

CartaCarta LessLess--capable military leadercapable military leader Lost nearly all Lost nearly all AngevinAngevin landslands Devoted his reign to raising money to regain Devoted his reign to raising money to regain French landsFrench lands Pressed feudal rights to their limitPressed feudal rights to their limit

Fines the nobilityFines the nobility Heavy taxation on the countyHeavy taxation on the county

Failed military expedition to France (1214)Failed military expedition to France (1214) The magnates rebelThe magnates rebel

VII. Feudalism and the VII. Feudalism and the Emergence of National Emergence of National Monarchies (Contd.)Monarchies (Contd.)

Magna Magna CartaCarta (1215)(1215) The king must respect the traditional rights of his The king must respect the traditional rights of his vassalsvassals Taxation could not be raised by the crown without Taxation could not be raised by the crown without the consent of the baronsthe consent of the barons

ParliamentParliament Emerged gradually after 1300Emerged gradually after 1300 A consultative bodyA consultative body A political as well as financial and judicial bodyA political as well as financial and judicial body

VII. Feudalism and the VII. Feudalism and the Emergence of National Emergence of National Monarchies (Contd.)Monarchies (Contd.)Feudal monarchy in FranceFeudal monarchy in France

Slow government centralizationSlow government centralization——faced faced greater problemsgreater problems

Carolingian institutions had collapsedCarolingian institutions had collapsed

The The CapetianCapetian Dynasty (987Dynasty (987––1328)1328) The reinvention of the French kingdomThe reinvention of the French kingdom

The growth of royal power in FranceThe growth of royal power in France Louis VI, Louis VI, ““the Fatthe Fat”” (1078(1078––1137)1137)

Consolidated royal control over the Consolidated royal control over the ÎÎlele--dede--France France by subduing by subduing ““robber baronsrobber barons””

VII. Feudalism and the VII. Feudalism and the Emergence of National Emergence of National Monarchies (Contd.)Monarchies (Contd.)Agriculture, trade, and intellectual life could Agriculture, trade, and intellectual life could

flourish at Parisflourish at Paris

Louis VII (1137Louis VII (1137––1181)1181) Philip Augustus (1165Philip Augustus (1165––1223)1223)

Undermined JohnUndermined John’’s control over French territoriess control over French territories John refused to submit to pressureJohn refused to submit to pressure A war of conquestA war of conquest

Philip retained Philip retained AngevinAngevin territoriesterritories

An effective system of local administrationAn effective system of local administration Superimposed new royal officials (Superimposed new royal officials (baillisbaillis) over local ) over local government practicegovernment practice

VII. Feudalism and the VII. Feudalism and the Emergence of National Emergence of National Monarchies (Contd.)Monarchies (Contd.) The The baillisbaillis had full judicial, administrative and military had full judicial, administrative and military authorityauthority

Louis IX, Louis IX, ““Saint LouisSaint Louis”” (1226(1226––1270)1270) Extended administrative pattern furtherExtended administrative pattern further The epitome of thirteenthThe epitome of thirteenth--century kingshipcentury kingship

Philip IV, Philip IV, ““the Fairthe Fair”” (1285(1285––1314)1314) Aggressive wars against Flanders and English Aggressive wars against Flanders and English territories in the southwestterritories in the southwest

VII. Feudalism and the VII. Feudalism and the Emergence of National Emergence of National Monarchies (Contd.)Monarchies (Contd.)

Sough to undermine papal control over the church Sough to undermine papal control over the church in Francein France The Estates GeneralThe Estates General

England and France: comparisons and England and France: comparisons and contrastscontrasts

France the most powerful national monarchy France the most powerful national monarchy in Europein Europe EnglandEngland

More unifiedMore unified One languageOne language Little internal divisionLittle internal division

VII. Feudalism and the VII. Feudalism and the Emergence of National Emergence of National Monarchies (Contd.)Monarchies (Contd.)FranceFrance

Regional separatismRegional separatism

GovernmentGovernment EnglandEngland

Administration built on local institutionsAdministration built on local institutions Local knights complete administrative work without payLocal knights complete administrative work without pay Appealed to formal consent from assembliesAppealed to formal consent from assemblies

FranceFrance A rich and larger countryA rich and larger country Relied less on direct consent of the peopleRelied less on direct consent of the people Faced with regional separatismFaced with regional separatism

VII. Feudalism and the VII. Feudalism and the Emergence of National Emergence of National Monarchies (Contd.)Monarchies (Contd.)GermanyGermany

General considerationsGeneral considerations Powerful CarolingianPowerful Carolingian--style foundationsstyle foundations Close alliance with the churchClose alliance with the church Tradition of sacral kingshipTradition of sacral kingship

The conflict with the papacyThe conflict with the papacy Declining strength of the monarchyDeclining strength of the monarchy Conflict between regents for Henry IV and papal Conflict between regents for Henry IV and papal reformersreformers Conflicts between the regents and the Saxon Conflicts between the regents and the Saxon nobilitynobility Civil war (1073)Civil war (1073)

VII. Feudalism and the VII. Feudalism and the Emergence of National Emergence of National Monarchies (Contd.)Monarchies (Contd.)

Pope Gregory VIII convinced that the church Pope Gregory VIII convinced that the church should be separate from secular powersshould be separate from secular powers Henry refusedHenry refused The humiliation of HenryThe humiliation of Henry

Abased himself before Gregory at CanossaAbased himself before Gregory at Canossa

Henry VHenry V Compromised with the papacyCompromised with the papacy German nobility won independenceGerman nobility won independence

Frederick I, Barbarossa (1152Frederick I, Barbarossa (1152––1190)1190) Family of Family of StaufenStaufen or Hohenstaufen (or Hohenstaufen (““high high StaufenStaufen””))

VII. Feudalism and the VII. Feudalism and the Emergence of National Emergence of National Monarchies (Contd.)Monarchies (Contd.)

Called his realm the Holy Roman EmpireCalled his realm the Holy Roman Empire A universal empire blessed by GodA universal empire blessed by God

Tried to rule in cooperation with German princesTried to rule in cooperation with German princes Compromised with Lombard League and the Compromised with Lombard League and the papacypapacy Imperial court at MainzImperial court at Mainz Died during the Third CrusadeDied during the Third Crusade Succeeded by his son, Henry VISucceeded by his son, Henry VI

Frederick II (1216Frederick II (1216––1250)1250) Spoke Arabic, Latin, German, French, and ItalianSpoke Arabic, Latin, German, French, and Italian

VII. Feudalism and the VII. Feudalism and the Emergence of National Emergence of National Monarchies (Contd.)Monarchies (Contd.)Patron of learningPatron of learning

Supported territorial princes of GermanySupported territorial princes of Germany Enforced imperial rights in ItalyEnforced imperial rights in Italy With his death, German rule fell to several With his death, German rule fell to several hundred German princeshundred German princes

IberiaIberia Highly regionalizedHighly regionalized Successful Successful reconquestreconquest of the Iberian of the Iberian peninsula from the Muslimspeninsula from the Muslims Four major Christian kingdoms: Navarre, Four major Christian kingdoms: Navarre, Portugal, the combined Portugal, the combined kindgdomkindgdom of Aragon of Aragon and and CatalunyaCatalunya, and Castile, and Castile

VIII. ConclusionVIII. Conclusion

By 1300, EuropeBy 1300, Europe’’s position had been s position had been transformedtransformed Economic foundationsEconomic foundations Political and military changesPolitical and military changes The national monarchies as middle ground The national monarchies as middle ground between citybetween city--states and empiresstates and empires

www.wwnorton.com/wciv/

This concludes the Norton Media Library Slide Set for Chapter 8

Western Civilizations by

Judith G. Coffin Robert C. Stacey Robert E. Lerner

Standish Meacham

W. W. Norton & Company Independent and Employee-Owned