W5 AEBR

Week 5 Appl of Evidence-BasedRerch

Theoretical and Ethical Perspectives discussion

Discussion Prompt

1. Refer to the assigned readings and identify  one nursing theory that might be a foundation for your nursing practice. Explain how this theory could be used in research.

2. Select  one  article from the assigned reading under Articles for Discussion and

· State which article you have selected and discuss the ethical principle that was violated.

· Explain the role of the nurse in protecting human research participants based on the identified ethical principle.

Support your response by citing and referencing either the assigned article or textbook.

(Professor email/ week 5 discussion tips)

Hello class,

Welcome to week 5. I am including a list of potential nursing theories to consider for the week. Additionally, you can find the articles to discuss in the weekly overview.

Nursing Theories and Theorists

Florence Nightingale

See Also: Florence Nightingale: Environmental Theory and

Biography (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.

Founder of Modern Nursing and Pioneer of the Environmental

Theory.

Defined Nursing as "the act of utilizing the environment of the patient to assist him in his recovery."

Stated that nursing "ought to signify the proper use of fresh air, light, warmth, cleanliness, quiet, and the proper selection and administration of diet - all at the least expense of vital power to the patient."

Identified five (5) environmental factors: fresh air, pure water, efficient drainage, cleanliness or sanitation, and light or direct sunlight.

Hildegard E. Peplau

See Also: Hildegard Peplau: Interpersonal Relations Theory (Links to an external site.) Links to an external site.

Pioneered the Theory of Interpersonal Relations

Peplau's theory defined Nursing as "An interpersonal process of therapeutic interactions between an individual who is sick or in need of health services and a nurse specially educated to recognize, respond to the need for help."

Her work is influenced by Henry Stack Sullivan, Percival Symonds, Abraham Maslow (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site., and Neal Elgar Miller.

It helps nurses and healthcare providers develop more therapeutic interventions in the clinical setting.

Virginia Henderson

See Also: Virginia Henderson: Nursing Need Theory (Links to an external site.) Links to an external site.

Developed the Nursing Need Theory

Focuses on the importance of increasing the patient's independence to hasten their progress in the hospital.

Emphasizes the basic human needs and how nurses can assist in meeting those needs.

"The nurse is expected to carry out a physician's therapeutic plan, but individualized care is the result of the nurse's creativity in planning for care."

Faye Glenn Abdellah

See Also: Faye Glenn Abdellah: 21 Nursing Problems Theory (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.

Developed the 21 Nursing Problems Theory (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.

"Nursing is based on an art and science that molds the attitudes, intellectual competencies, and technical skills of the individual nurse into the desire and ability to help people, sick or well, cope with their health needs."

Changed the focus of nursing from disease-centered to patient-centered and began to include families and the elderly (Links to an external site.) Links to an external site.in nursing care.

The nursing model is intended to guide care in hospital institutions but can also be applied to community health nursing, as well.

Ernestine Wiedenbach

Developed The Helping Art of Clinical Nursingconceptual model.

Definition of nursing reflects on nurse-midwife experience as

"People may differ in their concept of nursing, but few would disagree that nursing is nurturing or caring for someone in a motherly fashion."

Guides the nurse action in the art of nursing and specified four elements of clinical nursing: philosophy, purpose, practice, and art. Clinical nursing is focused on meeting the patient's perceived need for help in a vision (Links to an external site. Links to an

external site.of nursing that indicates considerable importance on the art of nursing

Lydia E. Hall 

See Also: Lydia Hall: Care, Cure, Core Theory (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.

Developed the Care, Cure, Core Theory is also knownas the

"Three Cs of Lydia Hall (Links to an external site.) Links to an external site."

Hall defined Nursing as the "participation in care, core and cure aspects of patient care, where CARE is the sole function of nurses, whereas the CORE and CURE are shared with other members of the health team.

The major purpose of care is to achieve an interpersonal relationship with the individual to facilitate the development of the core.

The "care" circle defines a professional nurse's primary role, such as providing bodily care for the patient. The "core" is the patient receiving nursing care. The "cure" is the aspect of nursing that involves the administration of medications and treatments.

Joyce Travelbee

States in her Human-to-Human Relationship Modelthat the purpose of nursing was to help and support an individual, family, or community to prevent or cope with the struggles of illness and suffering and, if necessary, to find significance in these occurrences, with the ultimate goal being the presence of hope.

Nursing was accomplished through human-to-human relationships.

Extended the interpersonal relationship theories of Peplau and Orlando.

Kathryn E. Barnard

Developed the Child Health Assessment (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site. Model.

Concerns improving the health of infants and their families. Her findings on parent-child interaction as an important predictor of cognitive development helped shape public policy. She is the founder of the Nursing Child Assessment Satellite

Training Project (NCAST), which produces and develops research-based products, assessment, and training programs to teach professionals, parents, and other caregivers the skills to provide nurturing environments for young children.

Borrows from psychology and human development and focuses on mother-infant interaction with the environment.

Contributed a close link to practice that has modified the way health care providers assess children in light of the parent-child relationship.

Evelyn Adam

Focuses on the development of models and theories on the concept of nursing.

Includes the profession's goal, the beneficiary of the professional service, the role of the professional, the source of the beneficiary's difficulty, the intervention of the professional, and the consequences.

A good example of using a unique basis of nursing for further expansion.

Nancy Roper, Winifred Logan, and Alison J. Tierney

A Model for Nursing Based on a Model of Living

Logan produced a simple theory, "which actually helped bedside nurses."

The trio collaborated in the fourth edition of The Elements of Nursing: A Model for Nursing Based on a Model of Living and prepared a monograph entitled The Roper-Logan-Tierney Model of Nursing: Based on Activities of Daily Living.

Includes maintaining a safe environment, communicating, breathing, eating and drinking, eliminating, personal cleansing and dressing, controlling body temperature, mobilizing, working and playing, expressing sexuality, sleeping, and dying.

Ida Jean Orlando

See Also: Ida Jean Orlando: Nursing Process Theory (Links to an

external site.)Links to an external site.

She developed the Nursing Process Theory.

"Patients have their own meanings and interpretations of situations, and therefore nurses must validate their inferences and analyses with patients before drawing conclusions."

Allows nurses to formulate an effective nursing care plan (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site. that can also be easily adapted when and if any complexity comes up with the patient.

According to her, persons become patients requiring nursing care when they have needs for help that cannot be met independently because of their physical limitations, negative reactions to an environment, or experience that prevents them from communicating their needs.

The role of the nurse is to find out and meet the patient's immediate needs for help.

Jean Watson

See Also: Jean Watson: Theory of Human Caring (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.

She pioneered the Philosophy and Theory of Transpersonal

Caring (Links to an external site.) Links to an external site..

"Nursing is concerned with promoting health, preventing illness, caring for the sick, and restoring health."

Mainly concerns with how nurses care for their patients and how that caring progresses into better plans to promote health and wellness, prevent illness and restore health.

Focuses on health promotion, as well as the treatment of diseases.

Caring is central to nursing practice and promotes health better than a simple medical cure.

Marilyn Anne Ray

Developed the Theory of Bureaucratic Caring

"Improved patient safety, infection (Links to an external site.) Links to an external site.control, reduction in medication error (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.s, and overall quality of care in complex bureaucratic health care systems cannot occur without knowledge and understanding of complex organizations, such as the political and economic systems, and spiritual-ethical caring, compassion and right action for all patients and professionals.

Challenges participants in nursing to think beyond their usual frame of reference and envision the world holistically while considering the universe as a hologram.

Presents a different view of how health care organizations and nursing phenomena interrelate as wholes and parts in the system.

Patricia Benner

Caring, Clinical Wisdom, and Ethics in Nursing Practice

"The nurse-patient relationship (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.is not a uniform, professionalized blueprint but rather a kaleidoscope of intimacy and distance in some of the most dramatic, poignant, and mundane moments of life."

Attempts to assert and reestablish nurses' caring practices when nurses are rewarded more for efficiency, technical skills, and measurable outcomes.

States that caring practices are instilled with knowledge and skill regarding everyday human needs.

Kari Martinsen

Philosophy of Caring

"Nursing is founded on caring for life, on neighborly love, [...JAt the same time, the nurse must be professionally educated."

Human beings are created and are beings for whom we may have administrative responsibility.

Caring, solidarity, and moral practice are unavoidable realities.

Katie Eriksson

Theory of Carative Caring

"Caritative nursing means that we take 'caritas' into use when caring for the human being in health and suffering [...] Caritative caring is a manifestation of the love that 'just exists' [...] Caring communion, true caring, occurs when the one caring in a spirit of caritas alleviates the suffering of the patient."

The ultimate goal of caring is to lighten suffering and serve life and health.

Inspired many in the Nordic countries and used it as the basis of research, education, and clinical practice.

Myra Estrin Levine

See Also: Myra Estrin Levine: Conservation Model for Nursing (Links to an external site.) Links to an external site.

According to the Conservation Model (Links to an external site.) Links to an external site., "Nursing is human interaction." Provides a framework within which to teach beginning nursing students.

Logically congruent, externally and internally consistent, has breadth and depth, and is understood, with few exceptions, by professionals and consumers of health care.

Martha E. Rogers

See Also: Martha Rogers: Theory of Unitary Human Beings (Links to an external site.) Links to an external site.

In Roger's Theory of Human Beings, she defined Nursing as "an art and science that is humanistic and humanitarian.

The Science of Unitary Human Beings contains two dimensions: the science of nursing, which is the knowledge specific to the field of nursing that comes from scientific research; and the art of nursing, which involves using nursing creatively to help better the lives of the patient.

A patient can't be separated from his or her environment when addressing health and treatment.

Dorothea E. Orem

See Also: Dorothea E. Orem: Self-Care Theory (Links to an external site.) Links to an external site.

ADVERTISEMENTS

In her Self-Care Theory,she defined Nursing as "The act of assisting others in the provision and management of self-care to maintain or improve human functioning at the home level of effectiveness."

Focuses on each individual's ability to perform self-care.

Composed of three interrelated theories: (1) the theory of self-care, (2) the self-care deficit (Links to an external site.) Links to an external site.theory, and (3) the theory of nursing systems, which is further classified into wholly compensatory, partially compensatory, and supportive-educative.

Imogene M. King

See Also: Imogene M. King: Theory of Goal Attainment (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.

Conceptual System and Middle-Range Theory of Goal Attainment

"Nursing is a process of action, reaction and interaction by which nurse and client share information about their perception in a nursing situation" and "a process of human interactions between nurse and client whereby each perceives the other and the situation, and through communication, they set goals, explore means, and agree on means to achieve goals."

Focuses on this process to guide and direct nurses in Focuses on this process to guide and direct nurses in the nurse-patient relationship, going hand-in-hand with their patients to meet good health goals.

Explains that the nurse and patient go hand-in-hand in communicating information, set goals together, and then take actions to achieve those goals.

Betty Neuman

See Also: Betty Neuman: Neuman's Systems Model (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.

In Neuman's System Model, she defined nursing as a "unique profession in that is concerned with all of the variables affecting an individual's response to stress."

The focus is on the client as a system (which may be an individual, family, group, or community) and on the client's responses to stressors.

The client system includes five variables (physiological, psychological, sociocultural, developmental, and spiritual). It is conceptualized as an inner core (basic energy resources) surrounded by concentric circles that include lines of resistance, a normal defense line, and a flexible line of defense.

Sister Callista Roy

See Also: Sister Callista Roy: Adaptation Model of Nursing (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.

In Adaptation Model, Roy defined nursing as a "health care profession that focuses on human life processes and patterns and emphasizes the promotion of health for individuals, families, groups, and society as a whole."

Views the individual as a set of interrelated systems that strives to maintain a balance between various stimuli.

Inspired the development of many middle-range nursing theories and adaptation instruments.

Dorothy E. Johnson

In Adaptation Model, Roy defined nursing as a "health care profession that focuses on human life processes and patterns and emphasizes the promotion of health for individuals, families, groups, and society as a whole."

Views the individual as a set of interrelated systems that strives to maintain a balance between various stimuli.

Inspired the development of many middle-range nursing theories and adaptation instruments.

Dorothy E. Johnson

See Also: Dorothy E. Johnson: Behavioral Systems Model (Links to an external site.) Links to an external site.

The Behavioral System Modeldefined Nursing as "an external regulatory force that acts to preserve the organization and integrate the patients' behaviors at an optimum level under those conditions in which the behavior constitutes a threat to the physical or social health or in which illness is found."

Advocates to foster efficient and effective behavioral functioning in the patient to prevent illness and stresses the importance of research-based knowledge about the effect of nursing care on patients.

Describes the person as a behavioral system with seven subsystems: the achievement, attachment-affiliative, aggressive-protective, dependency, ingestive, eliminative, and sexual subsystems.

Anne Boykin and Savina O. Schoenhofer

The Theory of Nursing as Caring: A Model for Transforming

Practice

Nursing is an "exquisitely interwoven" unity of aspects of the discipline and profession of nursing.

Nursing's focus and aim as a discipline of knowledge and a professional service are "nurturing persons living to care and growing in caring."

Caring in nursing is "an altruistic, active expression of love, and is the intentional and embodied recognition of value and connectedness."

Afaf Ibrahim Meleis

Transitions Theory

It began with observations of experiences faced as people deal with changes related to health, well-being, and the ability to care for themselves.

Types of transitions include developmental, health and illness, situational, and organizational.

Acknowledges the role of nurses as they help people go through health/illness and life transitions.

Focuses on assisting nurses in facilitating patients', families', and communities' healthy transitions.

Nola J. Pender

See Also: Nola Pender: Health Promotion Model (Links to an external site.) Links to an external site.

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Health Promotion Model (Links to an external site.) Links to an external site.

Describes the interaction between the nurse and the consumer while considering the role of the health promotion environment.

It focuses on three areas: individual characteristics and experiences, behavior-specific cognitions and affect, and behavioral outcomes.

Describes the multidimensional nature of persons as they interact within their environment to pursue health.

Madeleine M. Leininger

See Also: Madeleine M. Leininger: Transcultural Nursing Theory (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.

Culture Care Theory of Diversity and Universality

Defined transcultural nursing (Links to an external site.) Links to an external site.as "a substantive area of study and practice focused on comparative cultural care (caring) values, beliefs, and practices of individuals or groups of similar or different cultures to provide culture-specific and universal nursing care practices in promoting health or well-being or to help people to face unfavorable human conditions, illness, or death in culturally meaningful ways."

Involves learning and understanding various cultures regarding nursing and health-illness caring practices, beliefs, and values to implement significant and efficient nursing care services to people according to their cultural values and health-illness context.

It focuses on the fact that various cultures have different and unique caring behaviors and different health and illness values, beliefs, and patterns of behaviors.

Margaret A. Newman

Health as Expanding Consciousness

"Nursing is the process of recognizing the patient in relation to the environment, and it is the process of the understanding of consciousness." 

"The theory of health as expanding consciousness was stimulated by concern for those for whom health as the absence of disease or disability is not possible ...

Nursing is regarded as a connection between the nurse and patient, and both grow in the sense of higher levels of consciousness.

Rosemarie Rizzo Parse

Human Becoming Theory

Nursing is a science, and the performing art of nursing is practiced in relationships with persons (individuals, groups, and communities) in their processes of becoming."

Explains that a person is more than the sum of the parts, the environment, and the person is inseparable and that nursing is a human science and art that uses an abstract body of knowledge to help people.

It centered around three themes: meaning, rhythmicity, and transcendence.

Helen C. Erickson, Evelyn M. Tomlin, and Mary Ann P. Swain

Modeling and Role-Modeling

"Nursing is the holistic helping of persons with their self-care activities in relation to their health... The goal is to achieve a state of perceived optimum health and contentment."

Modeling is a process that allows nurses to understand the unique perspective of a client and learn to appreciate its importance.

Role-modeling occurs when the nurse plans and implements interventions that are unique for the client. Gladys L. Husted and James H. Husted

Created the Symphonological Bioethical Theory

"Symphonology (from 'symphonia, a Greek word meaning agreement) is a system of ethics based on the terms and preconditions of an agreement."

Nursing cannot occur without both nurse and patient. "A nurse takes no actions that are not interactions."

Founded on the singular concept of human rights, the essentialagreement of non-aggression among rational people forms the foundation of all human interaction.

Ramona T. Mercer

Maternal Role Attainment -Becoming a Mother

"Nursing is a dynamic profession with three major foci: health promotion and prevention of illness, providing care for those who need professional assistance to achieve their optimal level of health and functioning, and research to enhance the knowledge base for providing excellent nursing care."

"Nurses are the health professionals having the most sustained and intense interaction with women in the maternity cycle."

Maternal role attainment is an interactional and developmental process occurring over time. The mother becomes attached to her infant, acquires competence in the caretaking tasks involved in the role, and expresses pleasure and gratification. (Mercer, 1986).

Provides proper health care interventions for nontraditional mothers for them to favorably adopt a strong maternal identity.

Merle H. Mishel

Uncertainty in Illness Theory

Presents a comprehensive structure to view the experience of acute and chronic illness and organize nursing interventions to promote optimal adjustment.

Describes how individuals form meaning from illness-related situations.

The original theory's concepts were organized in a linear model around the following three major themes: Antecedents of uncertainty, Process of uncertainty appraisal, and Coping with uncertainty.

Pamela G. Reed

Self-Transcendence Theory

Self-transcendence refers to the fluctuation of perceived boundaries that extend the person (or self) beyond the immediate and constricted views of self and the world (Reed, 1997).

Has three basic concepts: vulnerability, self-transcendence, and well-being.

Gives insight into the developmental nature of humans associated with health circumstances connected to nursing care.

Carolyn L. Wiener and Marylin J. Dodd

Theory of Illness Trajectory

"The uncertainty surrounding a chronic illness like cancer (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.is the uncertainty of life writ large. By listening to those who are tolerating this exaggerated uncertainty, we can learn much about the trajectory of living."

Provides a framework for nurses to understand how cancer (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.patients stand uncertainty manifested as a loss of control.

Provides new knowledge on how patients and families endure uncertainty and work strategically to reduce uncertainty through a dynamic flow of illness events, treatment situations, and varied players involved in care organization.

Georgene Gaskill Eakes, Mary Lermann Burke, and Margaret A.

Hainsworth

Theory of Chronic Sorrow

"Chronic sorrow is the presence of pervasive grief (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.-related feelings that have been found to occur periodically throughout the lives of individuals with chronic health conditions, their family caregivers and the bereaved."

This middle-range theory defines the aspect of chronic sorrow as a normal resnonse to the ongoins disnaritv created bu the loss.

Phil Barker

Barker's Tidal Model of Mental Health (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.Recovery is widely used in mental health nursing.

It focuses on nursing's fundamental care processes, is universally applicable, and is a practical guide for psychiatry and mental health nursing.

Draws on values about relating to people and help others in their moments of distress. The values of the Tidal Model are revealed in the Ten Commitments: Value the voice, Respect the language, Develop genuine curiosity, Become the apprentice, Use the available toolkit, Craft the step beyond, Give the gift of time, Reveal personal wisdom, Know that change is constant, and Be transparent.

Katharine Kolcaba

Theory of Comfort

"Comfort is an antidote to the stressors inherent in health care situations today, and when comfort is enhanced, patients and families are strengthened for the tasks ahead. Also, nurses feel more satisfied with the care they are giving."

Patient comfort exists in three forms: relief, ease, and transcendence. These comforts can occur in four contexts: physical, psychospiritual, environmental, and sociocultural.

As a patient's comfort needs change, the nurse's interventions change, as well. 

Cheryl Tatano Beck

Postpartum Depression (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.Theory

"The birth of a baby is an occasion for joy-or so the saying goes [...] But for some women, joy is not an option."

Described nursing as a caring profession with caring obligations to persons we care for, students, and each other.

Provides evidence to understand and prevent postpartum (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.depression (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site..

Kristen M. Swanson

Theory of Caring

"Caring is a nurturing way of relating to a valued other toward whom one feels a personal sense of commitment and responsibility.

Defines nursing as informed caring for the well-being of others.

Offers a structure for improving up-to-date nursing practice, education, and research while bringing the discipline to its traditional values and caring-healing roots.

Cornelia M. Ruland and Shirley M. Moore

Peaceful End-of-Life Theory

The focus was not on death itself but on providing a peaceful and meaningful living in the time that remained for patients and their significant others.

The purpose was to reflect the complexity involved in caring for terminally ill patients.

Dr Threatt.