Systems Analysis and Integration - 2 Assignments

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CIS320
Systems Analysis and Integration

Week 2 – User and System Interface Design

Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition

Chapter 7 Outline

User and System Interfaces
Understanding the User Interface
User-Interface Design Concepts
The Transition from Analysis to User-Interface Design
User-Interface Design
Identifying System Interfaces
Designing System Inputs
Designing System Outputs

Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition

Overview

Information systems interact with people and other systems
Poorly designed user interface can make the information system unusable
Poorly designed system interfaces are a source of errors and inefficiency
User and system interfaces involve both inputs and outputs and involve a large number of stakeholders

Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition

User Interfaces
and System Interfaces

User Interface – inputs and outputs that directly involve a human user/actor
A dialog goes on between actor and system
System Interface – the inputs and outputs that require minimal human intervention (mostly about communication between system and system)
Inputs captured automatically
Outputs direct to other systems
Printed and distributed outputs (statements, reports)

Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition

User Centered Design

Design techniques that embody the view that the user interface is the system to the user
Dates back to the 1980s (more for Mac)
Principles of User Centered Design
Focus early on users and their work
Evaluate designs to ensure usability
Use iterative development
Note that contemporary A&D finally incorporates these principles

Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition

Three Components of the User Interface

Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition

Metaphors of Human Computer Interaction

Direct manipulation metaphor
metaphor in which objects on a display are manipulated to look like physical objects (pictures) or graphic symbols that represent them (icons)
Desktop metaphor
metaphor in which the visual display is organized into distinct regions, with a large empty workspace in the middle and a collection of tool icons around the perimeter
Document metaphor
metaphor in which data is visually represented as paper pages or forms
Dialog metaphor
metaphor in which user and computer accomplish a task by engaging in a conversation or dialog via text, voice, or tools such as labeled buttons

Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition

Metaphor Details

Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition

Direct Manipulation, Desktop, and Document Metaphors On One Screen

Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition

Dialog Metaphor

Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition

Use Cases and the Menu Hierarchy

We design use case by use case
Menus are a typical way to organize access to use case functionality
Different types of users might have different menus
Useful to design an overall menu hierarchy and then subsets for different users
Once the hierarchy is established, menus can be implemented in a variety of ways

Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition

Dialog Design

For each use case, think of the natural flow of a dialog between user and computer
Based on the flow of activities in use case description and/or the system sequence diagram
Use natural language to emphasize feedback to user
Create a storyboard of the dialog, showing the sequence of sketches of the screen each step of the dialog. (storyboarding)
Review the storyboard with users

Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition

From Dialog to Storyboard (part 1)
Use case Check out shopping cart

Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition

From Dialog to Storyboard (part 1)

Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition

From Dialog to Storyboard (part 2)

Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition

From Dialog to Storyboard (part 2)

Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition

Identifying System Interfaces
Inputs/outputs with minimal human intervention

Inputs from and outputs to other systems
These are direct interfaces with other information systems, normally formatted as network messages.
Highly automated inputs and outputs
These are captured by devices (such as scanners) or generated by persons who start a process that proceeds without further human intervention.
Inputs and outputs to external databases
These can supply input to or accept output from a system.

Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition

Identifying System Interfaces

Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition

XML for System Interfaces

Extensible Markup Language (XML) -- embeds self-defining data structures within textual messages
XML tags -- character sequences (such as <name> and </name>) that define the beginning, end, and meaning of the text that appears between them

JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) - a lightweight data-interchange format – is now a new favorite language for system communication!

Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition

System Inputs

Primary Objective is Error Free Input
Use electronic devices wherever possible
Avoid human involvement as much as possible
If information is already available in electronic form, use it instead of re-entering information
Validate and correct information at time and location entered
Device Examples
Magnetic card strip readers, bar code readers, optical character recognition, radio frequency ID tags (RFID), touch screen, electronic pens, digitizers, speech recognition

Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition

Defining System Inputs Details
Sequence Diagram
Details for messages

Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition

System Outputs

Detailed reports -- reports that contain specific information on business transactions
Summary reports -- reports that summarize detail or recap periodic activity
Exception reports -- reports that provide details or summary information about transactions or operating results that fall outside a predefined normal range of values
Executive reports -- reports used by high level managers to assess overall organizational health and performance

Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition

System Outputs

Internal outputs -- reports or other outputs produced for use within the organization
Types of internal reports apply here
External outputs -- reports or other outputs produced for use by people outside the organization
Statements, notices, stockholder reports
Higher quality, color, reflect image of organization
Turnaround documents -- external outputs that includes one or more parts intended to be returned with new data or information
Bills

Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition

Summary

There are two types of interfaces – user interfaces and system interfaces
User interfaces involve direct user interaction with the system. System interfaces require minimal or no user interaction
The design of the user interface has a long history as human computer interaction (HCI) and relies on user-centered design, which focuses early on users, evaluates designs to ensure usability, and uses iterative development
Metaphors are used to think about the nature of the user interface, and they include direct manipulation, desktop, document, and dialog metaphors.

Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition

Summary (continued)

Use cases are organized into one or more menu hierarchies to arrange functionality for users
Dialogs and storyboards are used to design the interaction for each use case based on use case flow of activates and system sequence diagrams
System interfaces include inputs and outputs to other systems, highly automated inputs and outputs, and inputs and outputs to external databases.
Designing system inputs involves identifying devices and mechanisms, identifying inputs and the data content, and determining the controls necessary
Designing system outputs includes designing detailed reports, summary report, exception reports, and executive reports
Outputs are also classified as internal, external, or turnaround

Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition