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JOHN R. SCHERMERHORN, JR. MANAGEMENT 12th Edition

Chapter 15

Foundations of Individual Behavior

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Planning Ahead — Chapter 15 Study Questions

How do perceptions influence individual behavior?

What should we know about personalities in the workplace?

How do attitudes influence individual behavior?

What are the dynamics of emotions, moods, and stress?

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Chapter 15 Learning Dashboard

Perception

Perception and psychological contracts

Perception and attribution

Perception tendencies and distortions

Perception and impression management

Personality

Big five personality dimensions

Myers-Briggs personality type indicator

Personal conception and emotional adjustment traits

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Chapter 15 Learning Dashboard

Attitudes

What is an attitude?

What is job satisfaction?

Job satisfaction and its outcomes

Emotions, Moods, and Stress

Emotions

Moods

Stress

Sources of stress

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Takeaway 1: Perception

Perception (Awareness, Observation)
The process through which people receive, organize and interpret information from the environment.
People can perceive the same things or situations
differently
People behave on the basis of their perceptions

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Takeaway 1: Perception

Psychological contract

Person-job fit begins here

A set of expectations held by an individual about what will be given and received in the employment relationship

An ideal work situation is one with a fair psychological contract

Balance of contributions and encouragement

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Figure 15.1 Components in the psychological contract

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Takeaway 1: Perception

Perception and attribution

Attribution

The process of developing explanations for events

Fundamental attribution error

Occurs when observers blame another’s performance failures or problems on internal factors rather than external factors

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Takeaway 1: Perception

Perception and attribution
Self-serving bias
Occurs because individuals blame their personal performance failures or problems on external factors and attribute their successes to internal factors

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Takeaway 1: Perception

Perceptual tendencies and distortions:

Stereotypes

Occur when attributes commonly associated with a group are assigned to an individual
Racial and ethnic
Gender
Ability
Age
Others?

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Takeaway 1: Perception

Perceptual tendencies and distortions
Halo effects
Occur when one attribute is used to develop an overall impression of a person or situation

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Takeaway 1: Perception

Perceptual tendencies and distortions:

Selective perception

The tendency to define problems from ones’ own point of view

Projection

The assignment of personal attributes to other individuals

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Takeaway 1: Perception

Perceptual tendencies and distortions:

Impression management

The systematic attempt to influence how others perceive us
dress to convey positive appeal
flatter others to generate positive feelings
when conversing, make eye contact and smile
display a high level of energy

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Leaning Dashboard 2: Personality

Personality

The profile of characteristics that makes one person unique from others

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Leaning Dashboard 2: Personality

“Big Five” personality traits:

Extroversion

Being outgoing, sociable, and assertive

Agreeableness

Being good-natured, cooperative, and trusting

Conscientiousness

Being responsible, dependable, and careful

Emotional stability

Being relaxed, secure, and unworried

Openness

Being curious, receptive to new things, and open to change

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Leaning Dashboard 2: Personality

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Leaning Dashboard 2: Personality

Other personality traits that affect work behavior:

Locus of control

The extent to which one believes that what happens to them is within one’s control

Authoritarianism

The degree to which a person defers to authority and accepts status differences

Machiavellianism

The extent to which someone is emotionally detached and manipulative (controlling) in using power

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Leaning Dashboard 2: Personality

Other personality traits that affect work behavior:

Self-monitoring

The degree to which someone is able to adjust and modify behavior in response to the external factors

Type A personality

Orientation toward extreme achievement, impatience, and perfectionism

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Figure 15.2 Common personality dimensions that influence human behavior at work

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Takeaway 3: Attitudes

Attitude

A predisposition to act in a certain way toward people and things in one’s environment

Components of attitudes:

Cognitive component

Affective or emotional component

Behavioral component

Cognitive dissonance

The discomfort a person feels when attitudes and behavior are inconsistent

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Takeaway 3: Attitudes

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Takeaway 3: Attitudes

There is a strong and positive relationship between satisfaction and absenteeism and turnover
Withdrawal behaviors

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Takeaway 3: Attitudes

Satisfaction-related concepts having quality of work life implications …

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Takeaway 3: Attitudes

Is there a relationship between job satisfaction and performance?

Are satisfied workers more productive?

Are productive workers more satisfied?

Do rewards for productivity create satisfaction, influencing future performance?

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Takeaway 3: Attitudes

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Takeaway 4: Emotions, Moods, and Stress

Emotions

Strong feelings directed toward someone or something

Emotional intelligence

Ability to understand emotions and manage relationships effectively

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Takeaway 4: Emotions, Moods, and Stress

Moods

Generalized positive and negative feelings or states of mind

Mood contagion

Spillover of one’s positive or negative moods onto others

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Takeaway 4: Emotions, Moods, and Stress

Stress

A state of tension experienced by individuals facing extraordinary demands, constraints, or opportunities

Stressors

Things that cause stress

Originate in work, personal, and nonwork situations

Have the potential to influence work attitudes, behavior, job performance, and health

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Takeaway 4: Emotions, Moods, and Stress

Work factors as potential stressors:

Includes:

Excessively high or low task demands
Role conflicts or ambiguities
Poor interpersonal relationships
Too slow or too fast career progress

Work-related stress syndromes:

Set up to fail
Mistaken identity

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Takeaway 4: Emotions, Moods, and Stress

Nonwork factors as potential stressors:

Includes:

Family events
Economics
Personal affairs

“Spill-over” effect on the stress an individual experiences at work

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Takeaway 4: Emotions, Moods, and Stress

Consequences of stress:

Constructive stress

Acts as a positive influence
Can be energizing and performance enhancing

Destructive stress

Impairs performance
Breaks down a person’s physical and mental systems
Can lead to job burnout and/or workplace rage

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Figure 15.3 Potential negative consequences of a destructive job stress-burnout cycle

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Takeaway 4: Emotions, Moods, and Stress

Personal wellness:

The pursuit of personal and mental potential though a personal health-promotion program

A form of preventative stress management

Enables people to be better prepared to deal with stress