1pg Method HIV PUBLIC HEALTH PROJECT PART3(FOR KATE TUTOR)

RQ: Is there an association between condom use and HIV? Dependent Variable: HIV Independent Variable(s): Condom

Null Hypothesis: There is no association between condom use and HIV Alternate Hypothesis: There is an association between condom use and HIV

Statistical Test: (To be determined in Week 7)

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Introduction

According to a study carried out in Mozambique, an estimation of adults between fifteen and forty-nine, 12% were HIV positive. Most studies indicated an increased prevalence of the infection, and new opportunistic infections occurring among fifteen to twenty-four-year olds. Nevertheless, as per Mozambique DHS 1997, the rate of condom use was low among young adults. These citizens are educated on the use of condoms in prevention of HIV and its opportunistic infections, thereby allowing room for informed choices. However, program officials and policymakers lack access to key population data for young adults to assist in development of evaluation strategies and targeted programs according to Dokubo et al. 2014. It is a prerequisite to be informed about HIV and AIDS in recognition of risky behavior, avoidance and changing it, based on the model that reduces the risk, though findings related to the relationship of HIV and condom use have been inconsistent.

There is no association between [condom use] and [HIV] with prevalent infection because the recall period of prevention practice was short during the whole study, with a possible reflection of an increased-reporting use, and reduced exposure to the infection among the never-users, resulting from engaging with fewer partners. The Final Project dataset includes a variety of independent and dependent variables. The present study will utilize the following variables: [HIV] as the dependent variable and [condom use] as the independent variable(s). Therefore, this study will examine whether there is an association between [condom use] and [HIV].

Annotated Bibliography

1. Coates, T. J., Kulich, M., Celentano, D. D., Zelaya, C. E., Chariyalertsak, S., Chingono, A., ... & Sweat, M. (2014). Effect of community-based voluntary counselling and testing on HIV incidence and social and behavioral outcomes (NIMH Project Accept; HPTN 043): a cluster-randomized trial. The lancet global health, version 2, number 5, e267-e277.

Condom use is also high among those that knew their HIV status through testing but it varied among unmarried partners and couples. The use of protection was high among the unmarried and males than females. Similarly, condom use was high among those who utilized testing and counseling services, but only the unmarried men and women. These differences could be caused by the factors influencing one’s decision to utilize the testing and counseling services. According to Sweat et al., those that obtained the services reported a high risk of unprotected sex with commercial and non-primary partners, and an increase in the use of condoms by 66% upon utilization of the testing and counseling services. In addition, condom use is less likely associated with the use of these services in Mozambique due to their inaccessibility and unavailability. In Africa, sub-Saharan, 90% of those in the reproductive age would utilize the testing services if they were accessible and available. With a high prevalence of HIV infection, it is essential to educate both unmarried and married partners on the infection and the disease, and the use of condoms to prevent the spread, since they are all involved in various sexual relationships, including legal and consensual unions. Furthermore, most people believe that condom use signals mistrust and hence the need to sensitize the importance of protection, including the use of testing and counseling services to increase self-awareness. The study was used to determine the effects of voluntary counseling practiced in communities and HIV testing on its incidence and behavioral and social outcomes through a trial that is cluster-randomized.

2. Dokubo, E. K., Shiraishi, R. W., Young, P. W., Neal, J. J., Aberle-Grasse, J., Honwana, N., & Mbofana, F. (2014). Awareness of HIV status, prevention knowledge and condom use among people living with HIV in Mozambique. Plos one, version 9, number 9, e106760.

Other studies reported a null hypothesis between sexual behavior and HIV knowledge. A survey carried out among Rwandan women indicated only a small portion of most who were informed about HIV used protection. In Tanzania, those who knew condom use prevents the spread of HIV had reduced chances of using protection. In Ethiopia, a study among factory workers who were HIV pervasive reported an increased sexual behavior risk and low condom use, though most knew about the advantages of using condoms to prevent the spread of the infection. Based on the Kenyan health survey and demographic data, sexual behavior was risky and very high among women and men who knew their risk was high and a lack of association between sexual behavior and HIV spread knowledge. The various variables that are associated with HIV risk awareness vary from fear and shame of the disease, number of active sexual partners, awareness of your partner’s sexual status or past sexual behaviors, AIDS discussion with family members, religious affiliation, and the community’s perception of AIDS. In the sub-Saharan, sociocultural practices and norms, determine the risk s in sexual behavior. A study among South African partners indicated that women who knew they were at risk of the infection used condoms unlike those who lacked awareness. Students in university in Nigeria and Zimbabwe that used condoms were more informed about the infection than those that did not use protection. In Ghana and Cameroon, youths increased condom use, as they perceived themselves as vulnerable persons. This study examines correct HIV risk assessment associated with the use of condoms among youths or young adults.

3. Friedman, M. R., Stall, R., Plankey, M., Shoptaw, S., Herrick, A. L., Surkan, P. J., ... & Silvestre, A. J. (2017). Stability of Bisexual Behavior and Extent of Viral Bridging Behavior Among Men Who Have Sex with Men and Women. Archives of sexual behavior, 46(4), 903-912.

In a recent review study, Joseph and Becker found an interrelationship between the two among homosexuals and heterosexuals, but lacked a solid mechanism evidence of this relationship and concluded that there could be a third factor linking knowledge to sexual behavior. The aim was to assess five hypotheses over viral bridging and bisexual behavior transience. Men who reported to have (n = 111) female and male sexual partners were grouped as bisexual behaviorally through the Cohort study of the Multicenter AIDS. This source will be used to determine the bisexual behavior in males with both female and male sexual partners.

4. Katikiro, E., & Njau, B. Global journal of medicine and public health. age, version 4, edition 6. Pp. 7.

The results on the association between HIV/AIDS and condom use are mixed and not clearly understood. Some authors and researchers have concluded positive associations, while others have found no association among various population subgroups. A set of questions, for example, “how can someone become infected?”, were used to measure the level of awareness about AIDS, HIV transmission, and the accuracy of feedback about the disease. In this study own risk assessment accuracy is predicted, based on the past and present sexual behavior. Young men more than women who thought were at low risk were in reality at high or moderate risk of contracting the infection, and lacked the knowhow of their risk assessment. This difference is caused by women being unable to apply that knowledge in their risk assessment upon sexual intercourse and they were reluctant to report that self-assessment risk than men. Existing literature indicates mixed results in the relationship between sexual behavior and risk perception. In this case, behavioral and demographic variables were used to determine condom use, and if there is a positive association between condom use and education, except among higher educated women.

5. Tyler, K. A., Handema, R., Schmitz, R. M., Phiri, F., Wood, C., & Olson, K. (2016). Risk factors for HIV among Zambian street youth. Journal of HIV/AIDS & social services, 15(3), 254-268.

In Zambia on the other hand, Magnani et al. deduced an association between HIV knowledge with reduced or lack of sexual experience and increased condom use among men and boys. Demographic and health survey model used in Kenya, Zambia, and Uganda indicated that awareness of someone’s HIV status led to protective sex, most people were knowledgeable of condom use in HIV prevention, and most had correct beliefs about AIDS patients. These authors inferred that someone knowing of another person’s death out of the infection increased awareness of the causes and results, which led to an increase in condom, use, hence safe sex. The source was used to know the risk factors for HIV among Zambian street youths.

References

Coates, T. J., Kulich, M., Celentano, D. D., Zelaya, C. E., Chariyalertsak, S., Chingono, A., ... & Sweat, M. (2014). Effect of community-based voluntary counselling and testing on HIV incidence and social and behavioural outcomes (NIMH Project Accept; HPTN 043): a cluster-randomised trial. The lancet global health, version 2, number 5, e267-e277.

Dokubo, E. K., Shiraishi, R. W., Young, P. W., Neal, J. J., Aberle-Grasse, J., Honwana, N., & Mbofana, F. (2014). Awareness of HIV status, prevention knowledge and condom use among people living with HIV in Mozambique. Plos one, version 9, number 9, e106760.

Katikiro, E., & Njau, B. Global journal of medicine and public health. age, version 4, edition 6. Pp. 7.

Tyler, K. A., Handema, R., Schmitz, R. M., Phiri, F., Wood, C., & Olson, K. (2016). Risk factors for HIV among Zambian street youth. Journal of HIV/AIDS & social services, 15(3), 254-268.

Appendix

Variable Information
Variable	Position	Label	Measurement Level	Role	Column Width	Alignment	Print Format	Write Format
HIV	1	HIV infection	Nominal	Input	12	Right	F12	F12
CONDOM	2	Condom used last time had sex	Nominal	Input	12	Right	F12	F12
Variables in the working file