My U.S. History Part 1

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The Great Awakening

U.S. History

New England’s Religious Background

Time Period of the 1st Great Awakening: The 1730s-1740s

Halfway Covenant—New England was in a bit of a conundrum. It was illegal to skip church services, but churches required all members to be converted Christians—and some were not. To “solve” this problem, New England legalized the “Halfway Covenant,” which gave citizens partial membership, even if they were not genuine Christians.

Revivals in England

The Methodists—When John Wesley was at Oxford University, he helped lead a small group of students in a Bible study. They were picked on for their “methodical” lifestyles (called the Holy Club), and thus, the name “Methodists” stuck.

Wesley’s Early Ministry—After a failed ministry in the colony of Georgia, Wesley himself experienced a spiritual revival on the boat ride back to England when he encountered Moravians.

Wesley’s Fruitful Ministry—Wesley’s vibrant preaching got him in trouble back in England, so he started preaching outdoors—which also got him in trouble. However, his ministry was incredibly successful, both in England and in America (under Francis Asbury and Thomas Coke).

Jonathan Edwards

A Brilliant Mind—Edwards learned Latin by age 6, as well as mastering Greek and Hebrew by age 12. He completed both a Bachelor’s and Master’s degree by age 19.

A Challenging Church—Edwards served as a pastoral assistant to his grandfather’s congregation. His grandfather, Solomon Stoddard, was especially influential in legalizing the Halfway Covenant, a practice that Jonathan Edwards detested. Edwards became pastor in 1729, and served this troubled church for over 20 years. His congregation had moments of revival, but the people were often unmoved. Elsewhere in Connecticut, however, Edwards’ preaching was vigorously welcomed.

A Humble Legacy—After a series of controversies, his church voted him out as pastor. Remarkably, Edwards volunteered to serve as “interim” pastor. He later served as a missionary to Native Americans, and briefly as Princeton University’s president before his death in 1758.

Edwards, the Eyewitness of Revival

“This work of God, as...the Number of true Saints multiplied, soon made a glorious Alteration in the Town; so that in the spring and summer following, Anno 1735, the Town seemed to be full of the Presence of God; it was never so full of Love, nor of Joy, and yet so full of distress, as it was then. There were remarkable Tokens of God's Presence in almost every House. It was a time of Joy in families on account of Salvation being brought unto them... More than 300 Souls were savingly brought home to Christ, in this Town, in the Space of half a year.”

George Whitefield

Connection to Wesley—He was an original member of John Wesley’s “Holy Club” (Methodists) at Oxford University.

Banned—Whitefield started preaching by age 23, and quickly became a well-acclaimed preacher. However, the Church of England banned him from their pulpits. That was no problem for Whitefield, as his booming voice projected in outdoor settings where people gathered, both in England and then in America (7 trips total).

Impact—Crowds were estimated to amount to 20,000 people (perhaps even 30,000, according to Ben Franklin). He preached an estimated 18,000 times in 34 years of ministry. Whitefield preached to the rich and poor, black and white, European and Native American.

Spiritual Effects of the Great Awakening

Thousands of people were either truly converted to Christianity or revived in their spiritual lives

A new missionary spirit was kindled

Religious colleges/universities were founded (examples: Princeton, Brown, Rutgers, Dartmouth)

Many Christians began to look at traditional religious establishments in a new (and critical) way

Marginalized denominations grew rapidly (Baptists & Methodists)

Traditional denominations were divided (Old and New Lights, for example)

Literary Effects of the Great Awakening

“On Being Brought from Africa to America” by Phillis Wheatley, the first black female writer in America:

'Twas mercy brought me from my Pagan land,

Taught my benighted soul to understand

That there's a God, that there's a Saviour too:

Once I redemption neither sought nor knew.

Some view our sable race with scornful eye,

"Their colour is a diabolic die [dye]."

Remember, Christians, Negros, black as Cain,

May be refin'd, and join th' angelic train.

Literary Effects of the Great Awakening

Comments on the poem:

Wheatley begins with discussing how God mysteriously brought her to a Christian faith, despite her difficult life of having been enslaved as a teenager.

In the second-half, her observations turn to what some say of her “sable race” (referencing how slaveholders looked down upon them), even quoting them to say that their skin is “diabolic” (reference to Satanic). The “black as Cain” motif is a reference to the Old Testament, when God cursed Cain after he killed his brother. I haven’t found many historical sources before the modern age that attributed “Cain” as being cursed with dark skin—it appears to be a recent interpretation. It’s also not clear if Wheatley believed that or if she used it sarcastically. And then still, Wheatley responds by saying that her fellow African Christians will experience the same salvation as other believers.

Political Effects of the Great Awakening

The electrifying idea—The Great Awakening was, in a sense, an American Revolution in the religious sphere. Established churches could not suppress “the people.” Within a couple of decades an American Revolution would take place in the political sphere. Established government could not suppress “the people.”

The French & Indian War

US HISTORY

Background of the French/English Relationship in North America

4 Wars had been fought between the French and English on American soil prior to the American Revolution:

1) King William’s War (1689-1697)

2) Queen Anne’s War (1702-1713)

3) King George’s War (1744-1748)

4) French & Indian War (1754-1763)

French & Indian War—This was one geographical place of fighting for the more global, “Seven Years War,” even though it lasted for nearly ten years.

The conflicts: territory, fur trading with Natives, and fishing rights.

The Start of War

Ohio Valley—While the British controlled most of the east coast, the French occupied much of the Midwest. The Ohio Valley, in the middle, was territory “up for grabs.” The French began to set up forts as English colonists started to settle in the Ohio Valley.

Dinwiddie & Washington—In 1753, Governor Dinwiddie of Virginia sent the 21-year-old surveyor, George Washington to warn the French at Fort Le Boeuf that they were on Virginian (and thus, British) territory. The French stayed put. Upon returning to Virginia, Washington was promoted to lieutenant colonel.

Washington’s War

Washington’s Assignment—Recapture Fort Duquesne and drive out the French from western “Virginia” (i.e. the Ohio Valley).

Encounter with Joseph Coulon de Jumonville—Washington’s men, led by Native American guides, encountered Joseph Coulon de Jumonville. Washington made the decision to ambush de Jumonville and completely overwhelmed the outnumbered French.

de Jumonville’s Death—One of the ten casualties from this incident was Joseph Coulon de Jumonville. He was killed, and likely from one of the Native American allies (tomahawked to death?). Some call this a “murder,” others a “result of war.”

Fort Necessity

Fort Necessity—Here, George Washington and his men were forced to surrender to the French.

Washington’s Reputation—Much of what is remembered today about Washington is based on his powerful role in the American Revolution. However, there were many criticisms of him during his failures in the French & Indian War.

The Albany Plan

Albany, NY—Seven colonies sent delegates to Albany, New York to form a conference over what to do about the French and Indian War.

Benjamin Franklin’s Plan—He proposed a plan for uniting the colonies under the “governor-general” (appointed by the king) and a council of delegates. The council would have the power to manage Indian affairs, pass laws, and levy taxes for the defense of the colonies (all under the king’s authority).

Rejected—Ultimately, the Albany Plan was rejected. Colonists did not like the taxation rights to a centralized authority, and the British feared that this would lead to further independence. (ironic….)

The Course of the War

General Braddock—Although well-acquainted with European-style warfare (open-field fighting), General Braddock was not successful in America (wilderness warfare). He was killed in his efforts to take over Fort Duquesne (Pittsburgh, PA).

William Pitt the Elder—He became England’s prime minister in 1757 and was especially skilled in managing the war.

Battle of Quebec—This was one of the most strategic victories of the war. Although injured in war, General James Wolfe of England helped overtake the French fort by the St. Lawrence River in Quebec (Canada).

[video] https:// www.youtube.com/watch?v=mtNaWPFBwbA

Peace of Paris—This treaty ended the war between England and France.

The Proclamation Line of 1763

Proclamation Line of 1763—After fighting to gain this territory in the Midwest, England barred colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains

Broken Promises—Some colonists were originally promised land in this forbidden territory for fighting in the French and Indian War (Seven Years War)—therefore, they felt betrayed by the government

One particular man that felt this way was George Washington…