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Energy is defined as “the ability to do work, that is, the ability to exert a force that causes an object to move. Despite this obscure definition, the meaning of the term is very simple: energy is the force that moves objects. There are two types of energy: potential energy and kinetic energy . The best way to describe them is this: potential energy precedes an action, whereas kinetic energy occurs during an action. Imagine holding your physics textbook in the air. Your book has the potential for downfall, simply because of its elevated position. If you drop the manual, the potential energy turns into kinetic energy, which is the energy that resides in the movement itself.

Energy comes in many different forms. Here are some of the most familiar:

• mechanical energy: the force of movement behind machines

• chemical energy: derived from anything that undergoes a chemical reaction to provide us with heat or sustenance, such as wood, coal, oil, food, etc.

• muscle energy: derived from the chemical energy of the foods we eat

• thermal energy: converted from heat, such as steam in a steam engine or the heat from exploding gases in a combustion engine

• light energy: some organisms, mainly plants, get their energy from the Sun in a process called photosynthesis

• electrical energy: an electrical charge associated with electricity, magnets and electric currents

• nuclear energy: energy released by atoms and converted into heat, then into electrical energy

The most important law to keep in mind when studying energy transfer is the law of conservation of energy . Simply put, there is a finite amount of energy in the world and no energy can ever be created or destroyed. This means that if energy is lost somewhere, it cannot completely disappear. It is transferred to something else. However, it should be noted that no energy transfer is 100% efficient. There will always be a loss of energy in the form of heat and sound.

Considering the importance of energy, the fundamental question is: "What process on Earth does not use energy?" Energy is present everywhere around us and even in us, at all times. Energy drives all forms of movement. Walking, running, and cycling use chemical energy, from the food we eat, to fuel our muscles and to keep us moving. Trains use either electrical energy or a combination of thermal and chemical energy, created from fossil fuels. A sailboat, driven by the wind, uses mechanical energy. However, if the energy produced by the wind can move a sailboat, the mechanical energy of the wind can also be transformed into electrical energy by means of a wind turbine.

Although we have understood the many aspects of energy physics for a long time, humans are still trying to create better, more efficient processes for capturing and using energy.

Energy is a central concept in physics, chemistry and biology, as well as geology and the sciences of the Universe. The notion of energy is therefore naturally underlying many concerns in daily life. For example, when we talk about the energy value of a food, the electricity consumption of a household or the fuel of a vehicle, the efficiency of a solar panel. On a larger scale, it is the energy resources of oil, gas or coal that participate in the economic power of a country and determine its international influence.

Although being the engine of all evolutions or transformations , energy remains however difficult to define. No doubt because it only manifests itself through its variations. For example, the chemical energy of a fuel-oxidizer mixture (the reactants) does not "convert" into heat until the exothermic reaction has occurred, leading to new chemical compounds (the products). The thermal energy “released” is equal to the variation of the interaction energies between the atoms of the reactants and those of the products.

In the case of an exothermic reaction, we will say that the products are more “stable” than the reactants. Likewise, the energy of elastic origin stored by a compressed spring only manifests itself when it is released, when it relaxes, inducing mechanical effects.We will then define energy rather through the effects it can produce. Thus, energy is a physical entity capable (that is, if certain conditions are met), to produce heat or induce movement. The notion of movement being to be considered in the broad sense; it can be the displacement of a body but also that of electrons producing a current or even that of scattering particles moved erratically by thermal agitation.

The general character of energy implies that it is expressed by the same unit, in this case the joule (J), in the International System of Units, independently of the field of physics considered. Note however that, in certain situations , it appears more convenient to use conversion units. For example, the kilowatt-hour (kWh) is the unit of use in industrial and domestic fields, the electronvolt (eV) in that of atomistics, the calorie (cal) in that of dietetics and sometimes that of of thermodynamics. On the other hand, in order to adapt it to the range of orders of magnitude concerned, the usual multiples and submultiples (μJ, mJ, KJ, etc.) are used. The joule is a unit derived from the base units of the International System of Units, the units of mass, length and time.

The energy representing the same quantity, without distinction of the physical phenomena to which it relates, it can sometimes seem clearer, especially in the case of a conversion (or a transformation), to indicate its origin (or its nature). Energy can thus appear in different forms (or natures): mechanical (potential and kinetic), electromagnetic (including electrokinetics), thermal, chemical, atomic, nuclear.

Energy has the remarkable property of being able to be exchanged between two (or more) interacting systems, while globally retaining its quantity. This property is translated, in the most general way, by the first principle of thermodynamics. It states that the variation of internal energy [4] (∆U) in a system is equal to the energy received from the outside (that is to say from all the systems with which it is in interaction), in the form of work (W) or heat (Q).

It is written: ∆U = W + Q

While conserving itself, energy can change in nature, by “conversion” (or “transformation”). This property is put to good use in various technical conversion devices with multiple applications. For example, a heat engine converts energy of chemical origin (fuel and oxidizer) into energy of a mechanical nature, an electric motor that of energy of electrical origin (supplied by a generator - which also realizes, upstream , a conversion of energy) into energy of a mechanical nature. These devices are called "energy converters".

At home, when we light a lamp, we use electricity. This electricity comes from a power station. The electricity production takes place in power plants . In a power plant, we use a primary energy source that we will convert into electrical energy . At home, when we light a lamp, we use electricity. This electricity comes from a power station. What are the different types of power plants? How does each of the plants work? What are the energies used?

The different types of power plants

The electricity production takes place in power plants. In a power plant, we use a primary energy source that we will convert into electrical energy.

a. The thermal power station Coal-fired power plant.

In a thermal power plant, water is heated in a boiler to obtain pressurized steam. This steam will make it possible to turn a turbine which will drive an alternator. The alternator will produce the electricity. The primary energy source used in a thermal power plant can be coal, natural gas or oil: this is called fossil energy. fossil fuel comes from the decomposition of organic matter (mostly of plant origin) over millions of years.

b. The nuclear plant

In a nuclear power plant, water is also heated to obtain pressurized steam. This steam will make it possible to turn a turbine which will drive an alternator. The alternator will produce the electricity.The primary energy source used in a nuclear power plant is uranium (uranium is not a fossil fuel).

c. The hydraulic power station

Hydraulic centrA hydraulic power station (dam) uses the force of water. The water is sent to a turbine. The turbine drives the alternator which will produce electricity. The primary energy source used in a hydroelectric power station is water: this is referred to as renewable energy.

d. The wind power plant

A wind turbine uses the force of air. The air turns the blades of the wind turbine which drives an alternator, which produces electricity. The primary energy source used in a wind power plant is air: this is called renewable energy.

A power plant consists of a turbine and an alternator. Primary energy (mechanical or thermal) is converted into mechanical energy by the turbine. Some of this energy is lost due to friction. The mechanical energy of the turbine is converted into electrical energy by the alternator. Part of this energy is lost due to the heating of the alternator. A power station is therefore an energy converter.

The different sources of energy

To produce electricity, two types of energy sources are used: renewable energies and non-renewable energies: An energy is said to be renewable if its use does not lead to a decrease in its reserve. Water and wind are renewable energies just like the sun, wood or geothermal energy (heat from the ground).An energy is said to be non-renewable if its use leads to a decrease in its reserve. Oil, coal, natural gas and uranium are non-renewable energies.

Climate Change

Demand for energy and related services to ensure economic and social development and improve well-being and health is on the rise. All societies need energy services to meet basic human needs(lighting, cooking food, comfort, mobility, communications, etc.) and to promote production processes. Since around 1850, the global exploitation of fossil fuels (coal, oil and gas) increased to provide the bulk of energy supplies, leading to a rapid increase in emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2). Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions resulting from the provision of energy services have significantly contributed to a historic increase in the concentration of GHGs in the atmosphere. Recent data confirms that fossil fuel consumption accounts for the majority of emissions global human-made GHGs3. Emissions continue to increase and, at the end of 2010, the concentration of CO2 went to over 390 ppm, which is 39% more than pre-industrial levels (Qazi, Hussain, Rahim, Hardaker, Alghazzawi, Shaban, and Haruna, 2019).