Islam Written Report

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Encountering Islam: The Straight Path of the One God

LEARNING OUTCOMES

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1. Explain Islam and related terms 2. Outline how the main periods of Islamic history

have shaped its present, especially different Muslim groups

3. Give the essential elements of Islamic teachings in your own words

4. Explain Muslim ethics, especially in diet, dress, and marriage

5. Explain the ways Muslims worship, especially the Five Pillars

6. Explain the main aspects of Muslim life around the world today, especially in Europe and North America

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The Name Islam

• Islam: Submission to God • Muslims: Submitter, follower of Islam • Term is related to, but not identical with, the

Arabic word for peace, salam • Term does not mean peace with God • Islamist: Recent term for Muslim radicals

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Muhammad Ibn Abdullah, the Founder of Islam

• Born in 570 C.E. in Mecca • Orphaned as a boy and became a

wealthy merchant in adulthood after marrying Khadija, a wealthy widow

• Received a command from the angel Gabriel to recite Gabriel’s words from God to others

• Received his first revelation on the night of the 27th day of the month of Ramadan

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Themes of early prophetic message

• Only one God exists, Allah • Commands people to believe in this one

God and to submit to God’s holy will • A day of judgment will come

• Those submitted to God will be rewarded forever and others punished eternally

• Generosity to the poor, widows, and orphans; presence and goodness of God in the natural world; and the prophetic call of Muhammad

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Muhammad Ibn Abdullah, the Founder of Islam (continued 1)

• Khadija and other immediate family members believed him • Gained some followers from outside his

family • Meccan tribal leaders saw Muslims as a

threat to the city’s economic foundations • Ridiculed Muhammad as a deranged poet

who had performed no signs or miracles • Persecution escalated and Muhammad’s

position in Mecca deteriorated after the death of his uncle and Khadija in 619

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Muhammad Ibn Abdullah, the Founder of Islam (continued 2)

➖ Hijra: Flight of Muslims from Mecca to Medina in 622 C.E.

➖ Umma: Organized Muslim community • Muslims organized raids on Meccan

caravans • Continued until the Muslim military victory

over Mecca in the Battle of Badr ➖ Turning point in the fortunes of Islam • Judaism gradually declined in Medina • Direction of prayer changed from Jerusalem

to Mecca

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Muhammad Ibn Abdullah, the Founder of Islam (continued 3)

• 629 C.E. - First Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca • Ramadan fast replaced the ten-day fast

connected with Jewish Day of Atonement • Many Arab tribes converted to Islam

while Muhammad controlled Medina • Gained control of Mecca in 630 C.E.

• Removed idolatrous images from the city, leaving only the sacred cubic building and its holy stone

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Muhammad Ibn Abdullah, the Founder of Islam (continued 4)

• Kept Mecca as the destination for Muslim pilgrimage and maintained some of its religious sites

• Raised armies to conquer the northern regions of Arabian peninsula, taking on the Christian Byzantine Empire

• Died in Medina in 632

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Islam Immediately Following the Death of Muhammad (632–661)

• Muhammad did not publicly name a successor or caliph before his death • The caliph would lead the community in its

political and religious life • Ali, his cousin and son-in-law, was the

leading choice ➖ Many contested Ali’s fitness to rule ➖ Shi’as or Shi’ites: Followers of Ali • Majority consensus among followers was

that Abu Bakr should be the caliph

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Islam Immediately Following the Death of Muhammad (632–661) (continued)

➖ Ali’s supporters objected to this ➖ Sunnis: People of the tradition, the

majority of Muslims • Umar replaced Abu Bakr as caliph after

Abu Bakr’s death • Replaced by Uthman, who was replaced by

Ali when Uthman was killed by rebels ➖ Umayyads claimed the caliphate, and the

Sunnis defeated the Shi’as when a war broke out

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Islam From the Umayyads Until Today

• Sunni leadership belonged to Umayyad tribe from 661 to 750 C.E. • Remained united for two centuries after

Muhammad’s death • Umayyads were replaced by Abbasid

dynasty • Islam strengthened as a religion, with

greater equality between Arab and non-Arab Muslims

• Religious schools known as Madrasas were established

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Islam From the Umayyads Until Today (continued)

• Abbasid rule ended when the Turks took power over Arab rule • Turks lost possession of Palestine during

the Crusades • Muslims conquered Constantinople, and

Turkish Muslim control spread to India • Ottoman Turks took over the empire of

Islam (1300–1923), but it collapsed after World War I

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Sunnis and Shi’as

• Death of Caliph Ali brought the lasting formal split between Sunnis and Shi’as • Shi’as claim sons of Ali, Hassan and

Husain, to be the rightful caliphs ➖ Hassan gave up his claim due to illness ➖ Husain’s army battled the Sunnis near

Karbala where he was killed and where the Shi’a army was destroyed ➖ Husain’s death is now viewed as martyrdom

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Sunnis and Shi’as (continued 1)

• Each Shi’a leader receives a: • Direct designation of succession from his

predecessor • Supernatural knowledge of Islam to be an

effective leader • Typically live, work, and worship apart

from each other • Shi’as have five additional pillars besides

the Five Pillars common to all Muslims

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Sunnis and Shi’as (continued 2)

• Shi’a history has continual internal splits • Three main groups account for the majority

of Shi’as today ➖ Twelvers or Imamites ➖ Seveners or Ismailites ➖ Fivers or Zaidites

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Other Influential Muslim Groups

• Sufis • Followers of Islamic mystical movement

Sufism • Wahhabi

• Modern Sunni radical movement begun by Muhammad al-Wahhab

• Muslim Brotherhood • Conservative religious and political

movement founded in 1929

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Other Influential Muslim Groups (continued 1)

• Taliban • Students of the Qur’an, a radical Sunni

group in Afghanistan • Considers Muslims who don’t adhere to

their strict attitudes and standards of behavior to be false Muslims and enemies of Islam

• The Islamic State (IS) • Formerly known as The Islamic State of Iraq

and the Levant (ISIL) and The Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS)

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Other Influential Muslim Groups (continued 2)

• Tries to conquer and hold territory • Ferocious in applying its interpretation of

Muslim law to its territories • Moderate Muslim Movements

• Tried to revive the original meaning of the Qur’an using historical methods

• Progressive Muslims view themselves as carrying on in the liberating spirit and original message of Muhammad

• An important part is liberation of Muslim women

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Essential Teachings of Islam

• God is one • Teaching that there is only one God forms

the basis and the center of the religion • Angels and spirits

• Created by God to serve God and humans • Muhammad received the Qur’an through the

archangel Gabriel • Qur’an

• Book divinely revealed to Muhammad • Term means recitation

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Essential Teachings of Islam (continued 1)

• Divided into 114 chapters called surahs, and each chapter is divided into verses

• Prophets • The Qur’an states that God has revealed

the divine will at key points in human history through prophets

• All the prophets call for submission to the will of God and preparation for an impending judgment

• Muhammad is the culmination and conclusion of the entire line of prophets

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Essential Teachings of Islam (continued 2)

• People of the Book • Jews, Christians, and Zoroastrians, whose

scriptures are related to the Qur’an • People whose sacred book(s) Muslims view

as in a line of religious development with the Qur’an

• Final Judgment • God will judge people by how they

submitted to God’s will • Those who submit to God’s will enter

heaven, and those who don’t go to hell

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Islamic Ethics

• The Hadith: Traditional report recording a saying or action of Muhammad • Sets Muhammad’s life and teaching as an

example of how Muslims should act • Shari’a: Traditional Islamic law

• Developed to guide the implementation of Qur’anic and hadith interpretation

• Considered God’s law for the regulation of all Muslim life

• Most widely used religious law system in the world

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Islamic Ethics - Diet and Other Regulations

• Only halal foods may be eaten by Muslims • Halal: Permitted foods and actions

• Foods that are haram may not be eaten • Haram: Forbidden foods and actions

• Drinking of wine is prohibited by the Qur’an

• In general, Muslims must commend what is good and reprimand evil

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Islamic Ethics - Marriage and the status of women

• Status of women is determined by view of marriage • Marriage is typically arranged by parents

when children are young • A man may have up to four wives at one

time as long as he provides for them equally and with separate living quarters

• Divorce is simple to obtain for men in most Muslim nations, but not for women

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Islamic Ethics - Jihad

• Struggle, both personal, inner struggle and armed struggle for Islam

• Scripture repeatedly commands Muslims to take up arms and fight when necessary on behalf of the community

• Basic principles of the military aspect were drawn up by Abu Bakr from the Qur’an and the practice of Muhammad

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Worship - The Five Pillars of Islam

• Shahada: Fundamental confession of faith • There is no god but God, and Muhammad is

God’s prophet • Prayer

• Each Muslim says the ritual prayers, salat, five times a day

• Mosque: Building for formal Muslim worship ➖ When women pray in the mosque, they

are out of the men’s sight

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Worship - The Five Pillars of Islam (continued 1)

• Worshippers pray in straight lines facing the direction of Mecca

• One’s body is active in prayer, and the actions represent submission to God

• Fasting • Muslims are required to observe fasting

during the daylight hours of Ramadan ➖ No food, drink, or sexual intercourse is

allowed during daylight • Celebration of Eid al-Fitr marks the end of

Ramadan

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Worship - The Five Pillars of Islam (continued 2)

• Zakat: Almsgiving • The Qur’an urges all Muslims to give

generously to the poor • Shari’a made generosity a formal obligation

with specific rules • Pilgrimage

• All Muslims are required to participate in official pilgrimage to Mecca, the hajj, at least once in his or her lifetime

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The Muslim Funeral

• The deceased’s eyes and mouth are closed, and the body is covered with a sheet • The body should be buried as soon as

possible, according to Shari’ah ➖ Must be washed and shrouded ➖ Transported to the mosque for funeral

prayers after which it is taken to the cemetery for burial

➖ Placed in the grave on its right side, facing the qiblah

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Islam Around the World Today

• Europe has around 14 million Muslim residents today • Series of violent events by radical Muslims

have led to their scrutiny • North American Muslims can be found in

almost all cities in North America • In 2005, about 100,000 people from Islamic

countries became permanent U.S. residents • Muslims are given the right to practice

Islam in the United States and Canada

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12.5 Ethnicity of Muslims in the United States, 2015

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Muslim Life in the United States after 9/11

• Al-Qaeda, founded by Osama bin Laden, launched coordinated attacks on the United States • Bin Laden expressed strong opposition to

Westernization of Muslim lands and the presence of the Jewish state of Israel

• Saw a rise of Anti-Muslim prejudice • Systematic monitoring of Muslim individuals

and institutions by law enforcement is widely troubling to many American Muslims

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KEY TERMS

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• Islam • Muslims • Islamist • Hanifs • Ramadan • Allah • Hijra • Umma • Caliph

• Shi’as • Shi’ites • Sunnis • Rightly Guided

Caliphs • Madrasas • Crusades • Arab Spring • Ashura

KEY TERMS (continued 1)

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• Imam • Mahdi • Sufis • Wahhabi • Salafi • Muslim Brotherhood • Taliban • Jinn • Surahs

• Al-Fatihah • People of the Book • Hadith • Shari’a • Fatwa • Halal • Haram • Jihad • Five Pillars of Islam

KEY TERMS (continued 2)

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• Shahada • Salat • Mosque • Minaret • Qiblah

• Sawm • Zakat • Hajj • Hajji • Al-Qaeda

SUMMARY

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• Islam means submission to God • Islamic teachings include monotheism and

faith in the Qur’an and the prophets • Muslim life is largely regulated by

foundations in the hadith and the Shari’a • Five pillars are confession of faith, prayer,

fasting, almsgiving, and pilgrimage • Muslim life in the United States have seen

a drastic change after 9/11

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