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Encountering Islam: The Straight Path of the One God

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Explain Islam and related terms. Islam means submission to God, especially to God’s will. Followers of Islam are known as Muslims, submitters. Explanations of Islam today sometimes

imply that it comes from salam, peace, but the great majority of Muslims correctly understand the name of their religion as submission to God.

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Outline how the main periods of Islamic history have shaped its present, especially different Muslim groups. The first period is the life of Muhammad (ca. 570–632 C.E.), who founded Islam, conveyed the Qur’an to believers, and was its religious and political leader. In the period immediately following Muhammad’s death, the leadership of Islam was contested; the Sunnis triumphed, but Shi’as persisted as a minority (632–661). Islam grew rapidly in the Middle East

and in North Africa. In the next period, from the beginning of the Umayyad dynasty (661) until today, a series of Muslim dynasties succeeded each other, ending with the Ottomans in 1917. Since then there has been no Islamic empire, only independent nations. Important Muslim groups today include Sunnis and Shi’as, Sufis, Wahhabis, the Muslim Brotherhood, the Taliban, the Islamic State, and moderate Muslim movements.

Give the essential elements of Islamic teachings in your own words. The teachings of Islam are founded on strict monotheism. Muslims believe in angels and spirits, both good and evil; the Qur’an as the authoritative scripture for Muslims; prophets of God in a line of Jewish, Christian, and

Arabian religious leaders ending with Muhammad; people of the book closely related to Islam, including Jews, Christians, and Zoroastrians; and the final judgment of all people by God at the end of time, with eternal assignment to heaven or hell.

Islam [ihz-LAHM] “Submission” to God (p. 292)

Islamist Recent term for Muslim radicals (p. 293)

Muslims [MUHZ-lim] “Submitter,” follower of Islam (p. 292)

Allah [AHL-lah] “The God” in Arabic (p. 295)

Arab Spring Uprisings in Arab nations from 2010 through today, demanding an end to autocratic rule and a measure of democracy (p. 299)

Ashura [uh-SHOOR-uh] The tenth of Muharram, day of Husain’s death, observed by Shi’as as a day of mourning (p. 301)

caliph [kah-LEEF] “Representative” or “successor” of Muhammad; ruler of Muslim community (p. 296)

Crusades Christian military expeditions to take control of Palestine (p. 298)

hanifs [hah-NEEFS] “Pious ones,” pre-Islamic Arabian monotheists (p. 293)

Hijra [HIHJ-ruh] “Flight” of Muslims from Mecca to Medina in 622 C.E. (p. 295)

imam [IHM-ahm] Leader of prayer in a Sunni mosque, or the religious-political leader of a Shi’a community (p. 301)

madrasas [muh-DRAH-suh] Muslim religious school (p. 298)

Mahdi [MAH-dee] “The one guided” by God, hidden Shi’a imam who will return to establish worldwide Shi’a rule (p. 302)

Muslim Brotherhood Conservative religious and political movement founded in 1929 (p. 304)

Ramadan [RAHM-uh-dahn] Month of fasting and commemoration of the giving of the Qur’an (p. 294)

Rightly Guided Caliphs First four caliphs with special divine guidance (p. 298)

Salafi [suh-LAH-fee] Sunni movement promoting strict practice of Islam (p. 304)

Shi’as [SHEE-uhs] or Shi’ites [SHEE-ights] “Party” or “followers” of Ali, holding that Muhammad’s true successors descended from his son-in-law Ali (p. 296)

Sufis [SOO-feez] Followers of Islamic mystical movement Sufism (p. 302)

Sunnis [SOON-eez] “People of the tradition,” the majority of Muslims (p. 296)

Taliban [TAHL-ih-bahn] Students of the Qur’an, a radical Sunni group in Afghanistan (p. 305)

umma [OOM-uh] Organized Muslim community (p. 295)

Wahhabi [wah-HAH-bee] Modern Sunni radical movement begun by Muhammad al-Wahhab (p. 303)

al-Fatihah [al-fah-TEE-huh] “The Opening,” the first chapter of the Qur’an, used as a prayer in Islam (p. 308)

jinn [jihn] Spirits, both good and evil (p. 307)

People of the Book Christians, Jews, and Zoroastrians, whose scriptures are related to the Qur’an (p. 309)

surahs [SOO-ruh] Chapter of the Qur’an (p. 308)

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Explain the ways Muslims worship, especially the Five Pillars. The Five Pillars of Islam are key to Muslim belief and practice. They are: (1) shahada, confession of faith, “There is no god but God, and Muhammad is God’s prophet”; (2) salat, prayer

made formally toward Mecca five times a day; (3) sawm, fasting in the month of Ramadan to promote devotion to God; (4) zakat, almsgiving of one-fortieth of one’s income to support Islam; and (5) hajj, pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in one’s lifetime.

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12-6 Explain the main aspects of Muslim life around the world today, especially in Europe and North America. A significant number of slaves brought to North America from Africa were probably Muslims, but they were unable to maintain their faith through the generations. In the twentieth century, new Black Muslim movements grew on North American soil. Muslim migration to North America from the Middle East and Asia

increased after 1950, and Islam in North America became more diverse and similar to worldwide Islam. Muslims in North America now have a higher level of education and income than the aver- age North American and, in general, are happily integrated into North American life. After the terror attacks on the United States on September 11, 2001, in which they had no role, Muslims here have struggled to keep good relations with non-Muslims.

al-Qaeda [al KIGH-duh] “The base” of jihad, contemporary terrorist movement begun by Osama bin Laden (p. 322)

Five Pillars of Islam Sunni practice of confession of faith, prayer, fasting, almsgiving, and pilgrimage to Mecca (p. 316)

hajj [hahj] Pilgrimage to Mecca (p. 318)

Hajji [HAHJ-ee] “Pilgrim,” additional personal name given to a man who has taken the hajj (p. 319)

minaret [mihn-uh-REHT] Tower on a mosque from which the call to prayer is made (p. 316)

mosque [mahsk] Building for formal Muslim worship (p. 316)

qiblah [KIB-luh] Direction that Muslims face during prayer (p. 317)

salat [sah-LAHT] Ritual Muslim prayers recited five times a day (p. 316)

sawm [sahwm] Ritual fasting done during daylight hours throughout the month of Ramadan (p. 318)

shahada [shah-hah-DAH] Fundamental confession of faith: “There is no god but God, and Muhammad is God’s prophet” (p. 316)

zakat [zah-KAHT] “Almsgiving,” mandatory contribution of one-fortieth of one’s income to support Islam (p. 318)

fatwa [FAHT-wah] Ruling by an imam urging a particular action by Muslims (p. 312)

hadith [huh-DEETH] “Traditions,” a traditional report recording a saying or action of Muhammad (p. 311)

halal [huh-LAHL] “Permitted” foods and actions (p. 312)

haram [huh-RAHM] “Forbidden” foods and actions (p. 312)

Jihad [jee-HAHD] “Struggle,” both personal, inner struggle and armed struggle for Islam (p. 314)

Shari’a [shah-REE-uh] “Way, path,” formal system of traditional Islamic law (p. 311)

12-4 Explain Muslim ethics, especially in diet, dress, and marriage. Islamic ethics are based on the Qur’an, the hadith, and Shari’a. Muslims have a particular diet in which they avoid all pork and alcohol. They dress modestly, and women generally must cover their heads with a scarf, and in some cultures more

of their bodies, when they go outside the home or when men outside their family come into their home. Marriage is a cultural and religious given, with women having a protected position but secondary to their husband’s role.

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