Discussion: Choosing and Using Single-System Design

Locating Assessment Instruments

Kevin Corcoran and Nikki 1-lozack

T his chapter nddres.es how to locate instruments for oocial wor~ reseJr.:h and practice. T h is task may not seem too challenging, but it is. Locating in,trument\ includes being familiar with a number of sources of men surement in.)trumems and knowing what it is one \\·ants to measure or observe in the first place.

To locate 3Jl instrument, the researcher mu't know 1• hat he or she intends to mea sure. This includes a well-defined construct or conceptual domain of study. fbe mea- surement tool is the operationa.lizntion o f the v.triable, and it is impossible to locate an •ppropria te mea1urement unless the resea rcher is certJin what is to be measu red. Knowing what to obsen·e includes precise definitions of the independent and depen dent vari,tbles. Instruments often are .t>sociated with operationalizing the dependent variables (e.g., mnl"ital discord in a single-system design o f a couple in counseling, din- teal depr~s;,ion in a <Ontrolk-d experiment or •n epidemiological ' urvey). As dependent variablt·>, instruments chiefly ascertain the ob<crvations about one's o"'n behavior or the behavioral obsc,·vation> by some relevant Other, such as a spouse or case manager. lly design, instruments intend to sy~tematically quan tify some affeo, cognit io n, o r con duct in some environment or setting and provide numerical estimates of affect, cogni · tion) or conduct.

Instruments also are useful in opc1·ationalizing independent va riables. In experimcn tal design>, this is considered a o1anipulation check. The reason for using a measurement of the independent ,·ariables, as tl1e phr..se suggests, is to determine "hether the manip- ulation o f the independent 1•ar iablc was suc(.essful. Po t· example, assume that the rcsearchct· is conduuiog a study comparing in -home counseling services to ca;e ma n agement services. The researcher "ould want to be reassured rhat the coumcling group was actually getting "cou nseli ng" from the cou nselor and that the case rn.Ulagemcnt group wa> not getting some fo rm of counseling from the case mao.1gers. Without the fonner,the researcher would not be certain that the counseling groups actually had •uf- licient exposure to truly be considered under the treatment condition of counseling. By measuring the independent var iable, the resca,·cher ca11 also determine whethc,· expo sure to some form of therapeu tic relat ionship wit h the ca•c manager contam111ated the comparison group. fo conduct a manipulation check hke this, the researcher mit\ht decide to administer the Working i\llhmce Inventory (l torvath & Greenberg, 1989), which ascertains th ree elements of therapeutic relationsh ips: go•l orientn tion. task

65

66 Pt.n1' I • Q uMml't.n ·; c API'RUA<:uts: Fou :.JOAtiONS Of Ot.rA Com CliON

directedness, and bonding. The resea rchers would expect that th e research participants in I he experimental cond ition "~Nould have stronger indicators of a therapeutic relation · ship and th at those in the control group would not.

l n su mmary, the challenge of locating measures includes determ in ing what weU·definecl construct or concept of either the independent or dependen t variable is to be observed. Once that is determined, the challenge is to marshal through a number of mea· sures as to find appropriate ones that are reliable and valid. T his chapter p.-ovides a number of resources to locate instruments but does not promise to enable the reader to do a complete search for all c;, is ting instruments. That is becomi ng increasingly difficult wit h the development of more instrum ents and new outlets of availability (e.g., the Internet). The scope of the resources in th is chapter, howe,•er, is sufficiently broad to tocate an adequate number of instrumen t~ filr research """ practice, and in alllikeli· hood, the social work researcher will find many appropriate instruments and not too few.

Sources for Locating Instruments

Th~re are a number of sources of instruments. This chap ter considers fo ur major sources: profess ional journals, books, commercial pu blishing houses speciali2ing ill marketing measurement tools, and the Internet. '

Professiona l Journals Instruments are of little value unless they are psychometrically ~ound (i.e., reliable and valid) . Because the development of a good instrument itself involves research to estimate reliability and validity, professional journals often are the fi rst outlets for new instru· me:nts. Journals are also one of the fi rst outkk~ for norma tive da ta on more established instruments. Because of the rapid change in the knowledge base of the behavioral and soc ial sciences, journals probably <He the best way in which to l<cep up with the latest instruments.

Many scholarly journals are excellent sources of instruments. Some focus chietlr on me.,surements (e.g., journal of Personr~litr ;\ssessmenl, Psrchologicaliissessrnent). Other journal~ might p ubl ish instruments that are relevant to the professional or scholarly djs- cip[ine of the readersh ip (e.g., Research on Social Work Pmctice, Family Process). ·n,ble 5. 1 contains a number of scholarly and professional journals useful in locating new instrn· ments and published normative data. Most journals can be found in a good uni,•ersity library. In addition, most are also available via the Internet. lt should be noted that while som e joLu nals have their own Web sites, others c.an be accessed from multiple sites tJ1at wi li allow access to the articles. ,vtan)' of the URLs in 1bble 5.1 are such links, and it sho uld be noted that if the address no longer works, typ ing the journal name into an Internet search engine should suffice to bring up many other sources.

Books fn addition to the journals, numerous reference books available describe instrumen ts .. and about a dozen actually reprint the instruments. Reference books for inst-ruments review measurement tools and provide citations for further information on locating the actual measurement tools. Three widely nOted examples are the MentfJilvleasuremellts Yearbook (Conoler & KnHner. !989, 1995), Tem in Prir11: (Mitchell & Buros Institute, 1983), "nd

TAou 5.1 Selected Journals Frequently Publishing New Measurement Tools

Journal

Amencan Joumol of P~ychiorry

Applied Behoworo/ A~tO$uremenL

Jooma/ of 1'5ychopolhology ond Behu~o/A$s~tnt

8€Mvior Thuopy

fducationol and Psyt.hologlcOI Measurement

Evaluouon tn Fom11y l'loctiU

Fomily Procts5

HISpomc Journal of 8titOIIoraf Sc'ences

Jovrnal of 8ehuvintal SCiences und

P<ychopathology

Jou111ol of Block PsychoiiXJy

Joumol of Clinico/ Psychology

Joumol of CottWillttg ond ClmHJII

P>ychology

Joumol of NeMNJS and Muotol Drsease

Joumal of Petsonolo'ry Assusment

Mwsuremeul ond Cvoluut10n m CQJJnscling and Development

Psychologrcal Asst~ment

Resoorrh in Social WO<k Proctke

Journal Web Sile

ajp.psyr.hlittryonline.org

No Web site Jvailable; only hard cop!es '" lht univet\ity library

www.\ptir'lqerlmk.com/content/ 10S340

wvNt.aabt.org/mentalhealth/joJmatsl?fa:;,olJ

\WI\V.5C18t~C.cd•tctt.tom/science/journai/OOOS7967

epm.sagcpub.com

No Web Site avdllable; only hard -co pi~ iu the ur-iver\•ty 1brary

WWW lamliyPIOCOSS.OflJ

nJb~gcpub com

www springedink.com/coment/0882· 268q

jtm.sag~pub.com

v.wwl intersc ence "'i!ey.corn/jo•JrnaJ/31171/ttr.me

www.apa.org/JournaiS/ccp

WNYi jonmd tom

www.persona~~ty org/jpa.hL'1'1t

www.couns(l'ling.org/P\sbhcations/ JournalS w~px

wvM.apa. o 1 g/ JOU rna is/ pas

tSw.ugepub.com

\W•'W Ra\"ATI~\..Ofo/Ptibhcanons/iOt,..rnaiYreo,catth/sw r ~tro hll"

T~ts (Key<er & Sweetland, 1990) and arc usua lly avnilnblc in university Jibrnrics or ror purchase via the I ntcrnel.

A number of book~ reference and actually •·cprint the instruments. Son1e are relevant to topics of social work practice (Schune & MaloutT, 1995), whereas others arc more •·ele- va nt to r<'searc.h (Robin>On & Shaver, 1973). A couple of books are more specific to cer- tain populations (e.g., families (McCubbin, .\<tcCubbin, & Thompson, 1996)) and topics

(e.g., str~ !Cohen, Kcs;ler, & Gordon, 1995) and anxiety (Antony, On.illo, Roemer, & Association for Ad,·ancement of 6cha,•ior Therapy, 2001)). Ahogether, there are more than l 00 reference books for instruments; a good university lib•·<~ry may be needed. Thblc 5.2 lists several books for instnuncnLS, all published since 1980.

TABLE 5.2 Selected Books

Boola That Reprin l and Refere.nct

Measurement Too ls

Caulel• (1977, 1981)

f&heo •nd to<co•an (200/A 2007b)

Hudson ( 1982. 1992)

McCubl.~~r1 and Thornpwn (1991)

\1o:C<Ji>bm Thornpo;on. and M'Cubt>n ( 1996)

•.icDo¥.<1. •nd Newell (19<)6)

Robiur.on and Shaveo (1913)

Schutte nnd Malooff ( 1995)

Books Th a i Descri be and Refeu:nce Me.asures

A:ken (1996)

AnastaSI (191!8)

Bellack .1nd Hersen (1988<1 1988b)

B!Od"'y •'d ~·mtt.ero an ( 1983)

wrio, Brown, E<lv.'il'll>. l(orMal<, ond ~ewm•n (1986)

Gonoleyllnd Kramer ( t9S9, 19$5)

Daoa (1993)

Fredman .1nd Sherman (1987)

Crotevant <md Carlsoo ( 1989)

Hariog•.>n (t986)

Hc1'!1an (1983)

Hube1 and lle.atth Outcou (:) ln~titutc ( 19<)11)

K"':enb.lum and Wollam' ( 1988)

~ ;u>d ~nd ('9'JO)

Kumpler. Shur, Ross. Bunnell. l1brert, and Mrllwaod ( 1992)

,•.~cOo...: and t>ev.<:t' ( t987. 1996)

'l.cl\eynolds (1981)

MllLhell (1985)

Milt hell and Buros ln<tilute (198J)

Ol1•nd Keatu1ge ( 1998)

Ptrlrnutter, Strao~ ,md Touhatos ( 1990)

S.Jwin. HarnqJn, ctnd Woog ( 199!.1)

SouU.v.O<th. Burr, ••d C... (1980)

s.,,~·tland and Kt)'''" (1991)

lhompson (1989)

Van Rrelen and Sc911 ( 1988)

Wevlcr (1989)

Books That Dist u<s Mtasute mtnt Methods

S.•low (1981)

OuiChcr (2002)

Chn5<cnsen, Oelulro, arld lambeot (1983)

Coldman, Stem. and Cueny (1983)

Htr.,..rr and Ollcndrtt (19n)

J"ob and Tenneubaurn (191!8)

>:a..,pl\aus and ReynOlds (1990)

Lann, Rutter. and Turroa (1988)

Lauflcr (1982)

"'·""and Tenia! ( 1988)

Me1'c<, Ponteoono, and Surot.i (1996)

Mcrluni, Glass, and C.onest (198 1)

Oql..,, Lambert. .,><1 Maste<s (199b)

l'tcola ( 1995)

Sedcrer and Dickey (1996)

SttefnM and Norman ( 1989)

WOOdy ( 1980)

( HAI'H R 5 • l QC:.t.nN(. ASSES$).1(1\IT h iSTftUl>IENtS 69

Commercial Publishing Houses The researcher may locate instruments from commercial publishing houses that special- ize in marketing measurement tools. This outlet for instruments bas a number of advan- tages, iJJcluding security from the liability o f copyright infringements, access to established instruments, and relative normative data that might be available only from the stream of commerce. Examples of this last point indude the Bed< Depression Inventory, wh ich is available through Psychological Corporation, and Hudson's ( 1992) popular clini- cal measurement package, which is available from WALMYR Publishing (see 1\tble 5.3). Most of the instruments marketecl b)' publishi ng houus are available at a rea•onable fee. Others instruments are available at no cost, such as the widely used Physical and Mental Health Summary Scales, also known as the SF-36 and the SF-12 (Ware, Kosinski, & Keller, 1994a, 1994b). These instruments are available through the Medical Outcomes Trust (see Table 5.3).

Table 5.3 lists a variety of publishing houses pro,~ding instruments. It is far from a complete list given that there arc nearly 1,000 publishing houses marketing assessment tools, not to mention a large number of presses that publish on ly a few specialty instru- men ts. One of the most thorough lists is found in Conoley and Kramer (1995). When available, we have included the URL to facilitate your search.

The Internet An other valuable source for locating instrumerLIS is the Internet. T his remarkable source is truly a fountain for inform ation worldwide and provides acce~s to actual measurements from commerc iai Web sites, not-for-profit sites, research centers, pub- tidy traded companies, and even individual authors <vho have made their own pub - lished instrum ents available (Simpson & McBr ide, 1992 [http://www.ibr.tcu.edul) . Al though the Internet provides seamless access to information, it is not without some limitations. One of the most critical ones is the exponential gn>wth of in formation available. This rate of change often mea ns that as Web sites come, so may they go. Unlike a lib rary, the information retrieved might not contin ue to be available to others needing it in the futllre. It is also importa nt to note that the l nternet may allow access or availability to measurements that yo u need a professio nal license and the proper training tO adm inister and may require permission to use. As stated by the Emo ry University Library (2006), " ln order to obtain and adm inister p ublished psycho logical tests (sometimes called commercial tests), one must be a licensed professional or in some cases, a graduate student.''

Although there are literal!)' thousands of\.Veb sites practical for locating these instru- men ts, the most useful are those that weave together a number of sires. These arc not sim- ply "hot links" that are designed to pro,•ide access to other relevant sites but Web sites designed as partnerships around various sources of information on instr uments. O ne extremely useful example is ERlC/AE Test Locator (http:l/ericac.netltestcol.htm). Test IA>catot is a joint project of the ERIC Clearinghouse of Assessment and Evaluation of the Catholic University of America, the Ed ucational Testing Service, the Huros Institute of Mental Measurement of the University of Nebraska, George Washington University, and the test p ublisher Pro -&1. Each of these sponsors provides access to and reviews of instru- ments. For example, the Educational Testing Service page reviews more than 25,000 mea- surement tools. The combined sponsorship of Bllros and Pro-Ed provides citations of publications using educational and psychological instnnnents, as well as access to th ree valuable reference books cited earlier: lvfental Mwsuremems Yearbook, Tests i11 J'r i11t, and

70 P~o11r 1 • QoPa TATP/f APPROACHES: Fou»OATIOtiS. Of Ot.T:. Co lUC11 0to~

TABLE 5.3 List of Selected Publishers' Marketing Measurement Tools

• Academic Th'.e,r.11r/ Pab!lv;t.ic)n~, JO (.()rn:rneaial Boulevard. Navato, Cf:.. 9•1947; -..v .. •.r\•;.f,lr.adr:micthtirfJf)'~·:corn

• Achenbach, l'h(.;mas M .. Depar~me nt of PS}1Chiatry, University orVerrnont, I S .. ?rc!oper.t S:reet, R!J!Ii,JQI.Ort. VT 05,101·3444

• llmerican Guidance SeMCB,. 420 WcOOiand Road, P.O. Sox 99, Cirde Pil-1l'S. ···lN ssmo::;; 'A\\'\'}1\QS.:'ICt.OOJ)) • ~sedates t01 P.esea;dl in ~eh.ci•liOI In<..., The Science Ceorer. 34th and l•:larket, f'h.ladl';ir,h ·a. PA 1Ql04

• 4·iornetrics ~esearch. New Yolk State Psychiatric Institute, 77~ 16".AC1) $1f€-?.l~ Room 541. No:.w York, NY 10032; ·Nww.Vfi)tC.pitted'u/research/biQrfletJk:s/index.htm

• Ca1ifumia Test 8ure .. 1u, 20 Ryan Ranch Road, Mo:ntf}rey, CA 93~10: ww~·:.db.com

• C.er1te~ fo1 F.pi~lerrllolog_ic ShJdies, Department. of He.a!ril and Huma.rl Sctvicr:s, 56'()0 fiSIJel$ Ul:-re. Roc..<\<tlle, MD 20857

~ Con\u ~rrn P5ydo!o;Ji.sts Pre». lr;t,, S77 College-Ave, P.O. Box 11636, ~loAito.C.4. 9·1306; w~·Nl;(flt-·.OOrn

• Edt.cii!ienal .ana lndusuiaHesting Sc:l\~ces, P.O. "Box 77311, San ()i~g6, (.r\ 9210.7;".\'t•;w.edits.net

• Institute fnr i'crsonal'ty and Ability· T¢"St.irtO, hiC •• P.O. BOx 188. 1062 CC.rbnodb' Elti·:e, Cf,ampa1gr;, IL 6~820; www.ipat.com

• Mo:f c.al OtHOOrti(!S frus~ 20 Park Plaza, Suite 1014, Boston, fi.~\02n6·431J; ... .-... ... t.'.oui.(.OmS!$-tn:slor£

• M~ltl·hea:lth Systems, Inc., 908 ('.liagara ralls Boule•:ard, North'Tonav:i-!ndJ-, NYrl4120; 'iNPN.n:.hs.::um

• Peat:;.or\ ASS-Q$sme;nts {formalilj NCS 1-\S.Sessments). 5605 Green CirdeC;i\_.'1). ~0. Ot':}: H 6, t•:linreap .is. MN 55440; 'IAWJ.peJtsont:ssessm;,:nts.com

• "hJJS:ng Re::.er)r<,h: .4S$c)d ate\ 3'!52 Cummins Street f.au Claire, WI 54701

• Pers~n·O·.'<letrics, Inc., EYJhmion <lnd Otvelo~MMI Se.viw, 20S04 Wi;liamsburg Bdad. De~rbom H~~iUhts, Ml 48127

•. Pro·Ed, 5:700 Shoa~ Creek Boute·tard, Austin, 'JX 78JS7; w•Nw.proedinc..oom

• P_sy::·1ologiul A})es5rnent f!esotm.es,lnc.. P.O. Box 998, Odt.ss,l, rl 3 l5515; \Wl.'<.'.pcuillC.Ct:·m

• l>!.)'tho,ogicat Corporatkm, 555 Ar..ademic Cou1t, Sun .4nlonio, IX 78204: w.-..,,•.harco~u1assessinem.com

• Psv.:bclogicat Publica l.ious~ Inc,, 290 Conejo Ridge Road. Suite 100, T'nousa;)d Oak$; (.A 913-{)1-:

'")Wt.tjta:<om

• Psyc.hdogical Ser.·i(:es. lrJC .. 3400 \·Vilshire Boulevard,. Suite- 1200, tos .t.,:11}~} P.S, GA 900-10; •.'JWW.psionlinc.com

• Reseacr.h .Press~ P.O Box 917760, Champaign, ll6l820; vtww.reseaf\.hp:r~s.s.t<l::n

• )RlVMcGrzwl (for;ra l~· Sci@~ Rc~t<.h Associates, tr·IC.). 155 No(th Wack~r Dr:ve, Chicag.:;., II. 606{)6~ w•.vw.sraor: line.oom

• Scott. f.oresm~1n & Company, Test Division. 1900 ta-St Lake /\venue, Glen·.1ew, IL60025

• Sigma Assessme;:~:- Sys.:-ems .. ~ic., P.O. Bcx 610984~ PoJt Hlm)n, Ml ti$.1)1)'1·09B4: .• , .• ,,w.stgmf!a$scs-;rrt~nts:;~terns..wrn

•· $1\A Product Croup. londord'lo"!.ls.!'. 9701 We~.t Hi9gim> Fcoad, Rosemont, ll 60018

• U.S. Departrnr:r;.c of Ode~$e:, Testing Directorate, Headquarters, M:titaw Et~!istmc:m: P({.IC~~$kig C.ol"milr.u. Mtention MEPCT. fortShe1idan, ll600.17

• U.S. Oepa1tmcnt o~ Lnbc1, "Division ofTes~ing l:mployment and Training Admini~,tration ! V•ft1.1h i JitJC~1.

DC 20213

• WAU . .f'r'n Puf)Jish:r·g Company, P.O. Box 122171 Tallahassee, fl.}2317·22l7; 'lN."/l.\'.•aiJUJ·r.r..:.l(tl

• We:~ie.Jn Ps.ycholcgical SePJices, 12031 Wtlsllirc BOLI~vard, I()S Angeles., CA 9<..'025: 'NNo\•.wrspublis!tr:om • 'NonCe~l :c Personnel Tcsr, Inc., l50~ N. Milwaukee A\•enue, l.Jberty-AIIe,n 60040•1380; . '

CuAPT£11 5 • Loc ... nNG Asuss~1E t1T lusTRUl.1Eurs 71

Tests. T he site includes the names and addresses of nearly I ,000 commercial publishers of instruments. The scope of this Web site is broad and includes inform ation on qualitative research and measures, professional standards, and much more. It is an excellent initial step in locating instruments on the Internet.

Search engines are a useful and easy way to search for measurements or in formation on measurements. A few different types o[ searches will help the researcher ~nd the instru- ments needed . By simply typing a name of a known measurement. many sites '~ill be identified. For example, typing "Beck Depression Inventory'' (Beck, 1972) in Coogle brings up many Web sites referencing the measurement. By exploring the links, much information can be found regard.ing uses of the instrument, normative data, and where the researcher might be able to purchase or access the measurement. If the type of mea- surement is undecided, a search by general topics, such as "psycholog ical measurements," \~ill bring up many sites that provide lists of measmements, such as v.•ww.psychology .orgllinks/Environment_Behavior_Relationships/Measuremen tl. A search that is more specific. such as ··depression measurements.," may narrow the specLr um of attides t V("O further, although it should be noted that the resulting sites may take time to filter through. \'.~lile some of the links may be usable, many articles \viii o nly cite the instru- menl.$ instead o f providing the information the researcher is seeking.

It may be more helpful to look up the me_asurement somce on the Internet, such as the author or publisher of the instrumen ts, as well as the book or journal in wh ich it is

' located . Although all source searches can as.~ist the researcher in loca ting measurements, the most efficient route takes us back to where our pursuit began, that is, to professional and scholarly journals. With the advent of electronic information , many online journals and articles are available to you as students at your university or college that are not nor- mally offered to the public. This may include reviews of usefnl Web sites and publication of important Web site locations for special topics. One excellent example of this type of Web sute citation is found in Psychiatric Sen•ices (http:/lpsychservices.psychiatr)'Online.orgl), which routinely publishes the Internet locations of a wide range of mental health infor- mation, including instruments.

Conclusion

This c hapter has attempted to show the reader how to locate instruments. What might have seemed like a simple task, it was shown, may actually be quite ditficult. There are a number o f sources of instruments to help with this challenge. This chapter considered four •najor ones: professional journals, books, commercial publishing houses, and the Internet. Each offers access to a wide range of measurement tools for multitudes of vari- ables of study in social work research and p ractice.

The resources presented to help locate instruments arc far from complete; nonetheless, the outcome of a search usi11g the provided resources is likely to produce more choices than expected, rather than too few for a relevant instrument. This is due to the rapid cre- ation of new instruments, their use in an expanding number of social work research and practice settings, and the need for accountability by profession<~ ls . lu the future, it is likely that even more and be!ler measurement tools will become available. Because old instru- ments do not fade away (e.g., Beck Depression Inventor)' [Beck, 1972]) and new o nes emerge, the search for instruments will become increasingly challenging. It is hoped that the resources presented in this chapter will help the reader navigate through this infor- mation and locate instruments for social work research and practice.

72 1'1ARI I • O VA«TITA'IIVf APPII OACII(S: F'OU IIOAHONS oF D AlA Cou.Ecnou

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ERIC/AE Test locator- http:/ /ericae.netltestcol.htm This Web site references more than 10,000 instruments. While this is a useful Web site for exploring and identifying appropriate mstrumenls. a simple Coogle search of the instJument:s name and/or author typically results in a large vatiety of publications on the insrroment. The Google seatch also tends to produce a list of places where you may acquire the .nstrumen~ or it may provide an actual copy of it

1. When is it advisable to use an exisnng publ ish~ rnstrument to assess some construct, as opposed to inventing your own?

2. Go to the journal Reseat<h on So-cial Wotk Proctice (www.xogepub.com) and examine the table of contents for rts issues. Select a recent artrcle repotbng on the reliability and validity of some mea- sure deemed useful in practice or research. ProVJde a bnef oral report on the measure you located.

3. Pick an area of social work pracnce of rnterest to you (e.g .. domestic violence, chrld welfare, mental health, substance abuse. poverty) Using the resources described rn thrs chapter, try and find one measure that you could potentially use. See how easy (or difficult} it is to locate an acwal copy of the instrument and 1nformat10H on how to score it