Accessing Information About Evidence-Based Practices
elines for Selecting an Evidence‐Based Program
What Works, Wisconsin – Research to Practice Series, #3
In recent years there has been a significant increase in the number of evidence‐
based programs designed to reduce individual and family problems and
promote healthy development. Because each program has undergone rigorous
testing and evaluation, program practitioners can reassure potential program
sponsors that the program is likely to be effective under the right conditions, with
the appropriate audience and with the proper implementation. However, knowing
which program is the “right” one for a particular setting and audience is not always
easy to determine. When selecting a program, it is important to move beyond current
fads or what the latest salesperson is selling and consider whether a program fits with
the local agency’s goals and values, the community setting and the needs of the
targeted audience. The long‐term success of a program depends on the program being
not only a good one, but also the right one.
Unfortunately, there is currently little research on how to best go about the process of
selecting an evidence‐based program. Consequently, the guidelines we present in this brief
are based primarily on our experiences working with community‐based organizations, the
experiences of practitioners, and common sense. We have identified a number of factors that
we believe should be considered when deciding which program is the most appropriate for a
particular audience and sponsoring organization. These factors can be grouped into three
general categories: program match, program quality and organizational resources. In order to
assist with the process of program selection, we have developed a set of questions to consider
when selecting an evidence‐based program for your particular agency and audience.
WHAT WORKS, WISCONSIN – RESEARCH TO PRACTICE SERIES
Guidelines for selecting an evidence‐based program:
Balancing community needs, program quality,
and organizational resources
ISSUE #3, MARCH 2007
BY STEPHEN A. SMALL, SIOBHAN M. COONEY,
GAY EASTMAN, AND CAILIN O’CONNOR
University of Wisconsin–Madison and University of Wisconsin–Extension
Guidelines for Selecting an Evidence‐Based Program 2
What Works, Wisconsin – Research to Practice Series, #3
Program match: Questions to ask
How well do the program’s goals and objectives reflect what your organization hopes to achieve?
How well do the program’s goals match those of your intended participants?
Is the program of sufficient length and intensity (i.e., “strong enough”) to be effective with this particular
group of participants?
Are potential participants willing and able to make the time commitment required by the program?
Has the program demonstrated effectiveness with a target population similar to yours?
To what extent might you need to adapt this program to fit the needs of your community? How
might such adaptations affect the effectiveness of the
program?
Does the program allow for adaptation?
How well does the program complement current programming both in your organization and in the
community?
The issues raised by program match, program
quality and organizational resources are overlap‐
ping. Selecting a program usually requires
balancing different priorities, so it’s important to
have a good understanding of all three of these
before determining the usefulness of a program
for a particular situation.
PROGRAM MATCH A first set of factors to consider is related to how
well the program will fit with your purposes, your
organization, the target audience, and the com‐
munity where it will be implemented.
Perhaps the most obvious factor to consider is
whether the goals and objectives of a program are
consistent with the goals and objectives that the
sponsoring organization hopes to achieve. While
this may seem apparent, it is not uncommon for
sponsors to select a program because there is grant
money available to support it or everyone else is
doing it. Just because a program is the latest fad or
there’s funding to support it doesn’t necessarily
mean it is going to accomplish the goals of the
sponsoring organization or meet the needs of the
targeted audience.
A second aspect of program match involves
whether a program is strong enough to address
the level and complexity of risk factors or current
problems among participants. This refers to the
issue of adequate program duration and intensity.
Changing existing problem behaviors or counter‐
acting a large number of risk factors in partici‐
pants’ lives requires many hours of engaging
programming over a period of time. For example,
a short primary prevention program designed for
families facing few problems or risks may not be
effective for an audience already experiencing
more severe problems.
Another facet of program match concerns the
length of the program and whether your intended
audience will be willing and able to attend the
required number of sessions. Many evidence‐
based programs are of fairly long duration,
involving multiple sessions over weeks or
months. A common concern of program pro‐
viders is whether potential participants will
make such a long‐term commitment. Because
this is a realistic concern, program sponsors need
to assess the targeted audience’s availability for
and interest in a program of a particular length.1
The reality is, if people don’t attend, then they
can’t reap the program’s benefits. However, it is
also important to keep in mind that programs of
longer duration are more likely to produce
lasting behavior change in participants. Program
sponsors sometimes need to find a compromise
between the most effective program and one that
will be a realistic commitment for participants.
Matching a program with the values and culture
of the intended audience is also critically import- ant. Some programs are intentionally designed
for particular populations or cultural groups.
Most are more culturally generic and designed
1 Issue #2 in this series addresses strategies for recruiting and retaining participants.
Guidelines for Selecting an Evidence‐Based Program 3
What Works, Wisconsin – Research to Practice Series, #3
Program quality: Questions to ask
Has this program been shown to be effective? What is the quality of this evidence?
Is the level of evidence sufficient for your organization?
Is the program listed on any respected evidence‐ based program registries? What rating has it
received on those registries?
For what audiences has the program been found to work?
Is there information available about what adaptations are acceptable if you do not
implement this program exactly as designed? Is
adaptation assistance available from the program
developer?
What is the extent and quality of training offered by the program developers?
Do the program’s designers offer technical assistance? Is there a charge for this assistance?
What is the opinion and experience of others who have used the program?
for general audiences.2 It’s important to consider
whether the targeted audience will find the
program acceptable and will want to participate.
The ideal situation would be finding evidence that
a program is effective for the specific pop- ulation(s) you intend to use it with. In that case, you could reasonably expect the program to be
effective when it is implemented well.
Unfortunately, many evidence‐based programs
have only been evaluated with a limited number
of populations and under a relatively narrow
range of conditions. While many evidence‐based
programs are effective and appropriate for a range
of audiences and situations, it is rare to find a
program that is suitable or effective for every
audience or situation. In many cases, you will need to carefully read program materials or talk to
the program’s designers to see whether adapting a
program or using it with an audience for which it
hasn’t been evaluated is reasonable.
Depending on the design, programs may or may
not be amenable to adaptation. If adapting a
program to a particular cultural group is
important, then program sponsors should serious- ly consider whether such changes are possible.
Some program designers are willing to help you
with program adaptation so that the program’s
effectiveness will not be undermined by these
changes.3
Finally, when considering which program to
select, sponsors should consider whether the pro- gram complements other programs being offered
by the sponsoring organization and by other
organizations in the community. The most
effective approaches to prevention and inter- vention involve addressing multiple risk and
2 Issue #1 in this series addresses the issue of culture and evidence‐based programs. 3 Issue #4 in this series will address issues of program fidelity and adaptation.
protective factors, developmental processes and
settings. Any new program implemented in a
community should address needs that other
community programs fail to address, which will
help to create the kind of multi‐pronged approach
that leads to greater overall effectiveness.
PROGRAM QUALITY A second set of factors to consider when selecting
a program are related to the quality of the pro‐
gram itself and the evidence for its effectiveness.
The program should have solid, research‐based
evidence showing that it is effective. For a pro‐
gram to be deemed evidence‐based, it must go
through a series of rigorous evaluations. Such
evaluations have experimental or quasi‐experi‐
mental designs – meaning they compare a group
of program participants to a similar group of
people who did not participate in the program to
determine whether program participation is assoc‐
iated with positive changes. These kinds of eval‐
Guidelines for Selecting an Evidence‐Based Program 4
What Works, Wisconsin – Research to Practice Series, #3
TABLE 1: Selected evidence‐based program registries
Blueprints for Violence Prevention
http://www.colorado.edu/cspv/blueprints/index.html
This registry is one of the most stringent in terms of endorsing programs as Model or Promising. Programs are
reviewed by an expert panel and staff at the University of Colorado, and endorsements are updated regularly.
Programs are added and excluded from the registry based on new evaluation findings.
Helping America’s Youth
http://guide.helpingamericasyouth.gov/programtool.cfm
This registry was developed with the help of several federal agencies. Programs focus on a range of youth
outcomes and are categorized as Level 1, Level 2, or Level 3 according to their demonstrated effectiveness. The
registry is updated regularly to incorporate new evidence‐based programs.
Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Model Program Guide
http://www.dsgonline.com/mpg2.5/mpg_index.htm
This registry is one of the largest currently available and is continuously updated to include new programs.
Programs found on this registry are designated as Exemplary, Effective, or Promising.
Promising Practices Network
http://www.promisingpractices.net/
A project of the RAND Corporation, this registry regularly updates its listings of Effective and Promising
programs. Programs are reviewed and endorsed by project staff.
Strengthening Americaʹs Families
http://www.strengtheningfamilies.org/html/
Although this registry was last revised in 1999, it is the only registry with a focus specifically on family‐based
programs. Programs were reviewed by expert panels and staff at the University of Utah and the Center for
Substance Abuse Prevention. They were then designated as Exemplary I, Exemplary II, Model, or Promising.
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) National Registry of Evidence‐
Based Programs and Practices
http://www.nrepp.samhsa.gov
This recently re‐launched site no longer categorizes programs as Model, Effective, or Promising. Instead,
programs are summarized and the quality of the research findings is rated separately for each outcome that has
been evaluated. SAMHSA has also introduced a “Readiness for Dissemination” rating for each reviewed program.
Nominations are accepted each year for programs to be reviewed; SAMHSA funds independent consultants to
review nominated programs and update the registry.
uations allow for a reasonable assumption that it
was the program itself that changed people’s
knowledge, attitudes or behavior.
As funders and program sponsors become more
committed to implementing evidence‐based pro‐
grams, program developers are increasingly likely
to promote their programs as evidence‐based.
However, just because a program developer ad‐
vertises a program as evidence‐based doesn’t
mean that it meets the standards discussed above.
For example, a program might be “research‐
based,” but not “evidence‐based.” A research‐
based program has been developed based on
research about the outcomes or processes it add‐
resses. However, it has probably not been
subjected to the rigorous evaluations and real‐
world testing that are needed to designate a
program as evidence‐based. The simplest way to
determine evidence of a program’s effectiveness is
Guidelines for Selecting an Evidence‐Based Program 5
What Works, Wisconsin – Research to Practice Series, #3
Organizational resources:
Questions to ask
What are the training, curriculum, and implementation costs of the program?
Can your organization afford to implement this program now and in the long‐term?
Do you have staff capable of implementing this program? Do they have the qualifications
recommended or required to facilitate the
program?
Would your staff be enthusiastic about a program of this kind and are they willing to make the
necessary time commitment?
Can this program be implemented in the time available?
What’s the likelihood that this program will be sustained in the future?
Are your community partners supportive of your implementation of this program?
to examine the designations given by well‐estab‐
lished and respected evidence‐based program
registries. Program registries classify programs at
different levels of endorsement based on evidence
of effectiveness for certain participant outcomes.
See Table 1 for an annotated listing of program
registries.
If a program is not listed on a respected registry,
then it is important to seek out scientific evidence
of the program’s effectiveness. At a minimum, you
should review any evaluation studies that have
been conducted by the program developer and
external evaluators. Ideally, these evaluations use
an experimental or quasi‐experimental research
design. Another sign of a high‐quality evaluation
is that its results have been published in a well‐
respected, peer‐reviewed, scientific journal.
An additional indicator of program quality to
consider is the level of training and follow‐up
support available from the program designers.
Some programs have a great deal of resources
available to help program implementers. These
resources can be especially important if you’re
working with a unique audience and need to
make adaptations or if program implementation is
particularly complex. As a general rule, more in‐
tensive training and more follow‐up support from
the program developer will increase the effective‐
ness and sustainability of a program over time.
Some programs provide excellent technical assis‐
tance; staff members are accessible and willing to
address questions that arise while the program is
being implemented. Often this technical assistance
is free, but sometimes program designers charge
an additional fee for it. Therefore, the benefits and
costs of technical assistance should be kept in
mind when selecting an evidence‐based program.
Finally, while the scientific literature and infor‐
mation from the program developer provide key
information about program quality, don’t over‐
look the experience of practitioners who have imp‐
lemented the program. Ask whether they
encountered any obstacles when implementing
the program, whether they believe the program
was effective, which audiences seemed to respond
most positively to the program, and whether they
would recommend the program for your sit‐
uation. This type of information is usually not
included in scientific program evaluations but is a
critically important consideration for most
practitioners.
ORGANIZATIONAL
RESOURCES A final set of factors to consider when selecting a
program is related to the resources required for
carrying out the program. Consider whether your
organization has the expertise, staff, financial sup‐
port and time available to implement the pro‐
gram. Implementing evidence‐based programs is
usually fairly time‐ and resource‐intensive. For
example, evidence‐based programs often require
facilitators to attend multi‐day trainings or call for
facilitators with particular qualifications. Even if a
program is a good fit for your community, if your
organization doesn’t have the human or financial
resources to adequately implement the program,
its chances of success are limited.
Guidelines for Selecting an Evidence‐Based Program 6
What Works, Wisconsin – Research to Practice Series, #3
WHAT WORKS, WISCONSIN: RESEARCH TO PRACTICE SERIES
This is one of a series of Research to Practice briefs prepared by the What Works, Wisconsin team at the
University of Wisconsin–Madison, School of Human Ecology, and Cooperative Extension, University of
Wisconsin–Extension. All of the briefs can be downloaded from: http://whatworks.uwex.edu
This series expands upon ideas that are discussed in What Works, Wisconsin: What Science Tells Us about Cost‐
Effective Programs for Juvenile Delinquency Prevention, which is also available for download at the address above.
This publication may be cited without permission provided the source is identified as: Small, S.A., Cooney,
S.M., Eastman, G., & O’Connor, C. (2007). Guidelines for selecting an evidence‐based program: Balancing
community needs, program quality, and organizational resources. What Works, Wisconsin Research to Practice
Series, 3. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin–Madison/Extension.
This project was supported by Grant Award No. JF‐04‐PO‐0025 awarded by the Wisconsin Office of Justice
Assistance through the Wisconsin Governor’s Juvenile Justice Commission with funds from the Office of
Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.
The authors wish to thank Mary Huser of the University of Wisconsin–Extension for her edits, comments, and
suggestions in the development of this Research to Practice brief.
In addition, when selecting a program it makes
sense to assess your organization’s long‐term
goals and consider which programs have the best
chance of being continued in the future. Programs
that require significant external funding are
especially prone to abandonment after the funding
runs out. Some programs are more readily adopt‐
ed by existing organizations and are easier to
support over the long run. Think about whether a
program has a good chance of being integrated
into the base programming of your organization.
Can the program be continued in the future with
existing staff and resources or will it always
require external support?
Lastly, because many evidence‐based programs
are resource intensive, think about collaborating
with other organizations in the community to
deliver a program. Selecting a program that meets
the needs of two or more agencies may allow for
the pooling of resources, thus enhancing the
likelihood that the program can be adequately
funded, implemented and sustained over time.
Additionally, such an arrangement can lead to
positive, long‐term partnerships with other com‐
munity agencies.
While all three of these factors are important,
some may be more crucial to your organization
than others. The key to selecting the best program
for your particular situation involves balancing
different priorities and trade‐offs and finding a
program that best meets these competing
demands. By selecting a high quality program that
matches the needs of your audience and com‐
munity and the resources of your organization,
you greatly enhance the likelihood that you will
have an effective program that will have a long‐
term impact and improve the lives of its
participants.