English

Annotated Bibliographies on Information Systems

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Cybercrimes among information systems have become so rampant in organizations today. However, organizations have attempted to set up measures to solve the problem. The major forms of cyber-crimes include: cyber theft, hacking, fraud, worms and viruses that affect the computer.

Research questions.

· Which are the major forms of cyber-crimes committed today?

· What are the effects of cyber-crimes on information systems?

· How can cyber-crimes be controlled?

Annotated bibliographies.

Biener, C., Eling, M., & Wirfs, J. H. (2015). Insurability of cyber risk: An empirical analysis. The Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance-Issues and Practice, 40(1), 131-158.

The paper is based on the principles of insurability of cyber risks formulated by Berliner (1982)basically summarizes how cyber-crimes that affect various organizations can be managed by insuring them with various insurance companies that cover for cyber-crimes. By insuring the crime the organization pays a sum of money to the insurer who will in turn compensate the organization in the event that the risk insured against occurs. The paper is said to be a scholarly reference since it contains an abstract and is was written majorly for research references. The paper is important to the research as it gives a measure of controlling cyber-crimes in organizations today.

Conteh, N. Y., & Schmick, P. J. (2016). Cyber security: risks, vulnerabilities and countermeasures to prevent social engineering attacks. International Journal of Advanced Computer Research, 6(23), 31

The journal basically describes the vulnerabilities that an organization whose information is not secure is exposed to. It further describes the impact of network access on cyber-crimes. The author further describes that information systems that are exposed to the internet are at a high exposure to cyber-crimes. The journal said to be a scholarly article since it contains other references and it is majorly for use by research students. The journal is important to the study since it is enables us to know the challenges that an organization that has been affected by cyber-crimes faces.

Dilek, S., Çakır, H., & Aydın, M. (2015). Applications of artificial intelligence techniques to combating cyber-crimes: A review. arXiv preprint arXiv: 1502.03552.

The journal basically illustrates techniques to solving the cyber-crimes. Intense measures that are flexible enough should be put in place so as to reduce occurrence of cyber-crimes. The writer therefore suggests use of artificial intelligence techniques to combat cyber-crimes since the physical methods do not seem to be effective. The author further indicates that artificial intelligence also has its own challenges. Therefore, the following characteristics should be taken into account when carrying out artificial intelligence: learning, perception and natural language. The article is said to be a scholarly article since it contains an abstract and references. The journal is important as it gives a solution to cyber-crimes.

Leukfeldt, E. R., & Yar, M. (2016). Applying routine activity theory to cybercrime: A theoretical and empirical analysis. Deviant Behaviour, 37(3), 263-280.

The journal majorly advocates for the application of the routine activity theory to study and identify an occasion where a cyber-crime is likely to occur. The authors of the journal have also studied the effects of value, visibility, accessibility, and guardianship on victimization of six cybercrimes in various organizations that have had recurrent cases of cyber-crimes. The journal is referred to as a scholarly article since it also contains an abstract and the two authors of the journal Eric Rutgers Leukfeldt and Majid Yar ae both experts and researchers in the field of cyber-crime and cyber security. The journal is important to the research since it enables us to know the various effects of cyber-crimes.

Schreuders, Z. C., Cockcroft, T. W., Butterfield, E. M., & Elliott, J. R. (2017). Cybercrime Policing: Needs Analysis and Building a Research Culture.

The article is a research that was carried out with an aim of raising awareness about cyber-crimes to members of the society. Awareness involves informing individuals of what cyber-crimes are the causes of cyber-crimes, the effects of cyber-crimes and relevant solution to the cyber-crime problem. The article is a scholarly article since it contains an abstract and also references. The article is also used by other individuals carrying out research on the same issue. The article is important to the research as it provides us with extra information about the crime.

Solomon, M. G. (2016). Fundamentals of information systems security. Jones & Bartlett Publishers.

The book basically illustrates the importance of information to a given organization and gives the measures that should be employed to ensure security of information of an organization. The book further gives the goals of information security which include: confidentiality, integrity and availability. The author Solomon (2016) describes information as an asset to an organization that should be secured at all times. The book is said to be a scholarly since it the author is a software engineer and a certified information security manager. The book is essential in the research since it explains how cyber-crimes can be reduced by securing information.

Taylor, R. W., Fritsch, E. J., & Liederbach, J. (2014). Digital crime and digital terrorism. Prentice Hall Press.

The book discusses the major types of cyber-crimes that are carried out in organizations. Some of the cyber-crimes discussed in the book include hacking of information systems, viruses, frauds and worms. The book further explains the appropriate solutions to solving this problem of cyber-crimes in information systems. The authors also illustrate the various theories that have been formulated to address hackers of information systems. The book is said to be a scholarly article since it is was mainly written so that it can be used for citation and references in research on matters of cyber-crimes. The book is helpful in the research since it contains almost all information regarding cyber-crimes, the forms of cyber-crimes and solution to various cyber-crimes.

Van de Weijer, S. G., Leukfeldt, R., & Bernasco, W. (2018). Determinants of reporting cybercrime: A comparison between identity theft, consumer fraud, and hacking. European Journal of Criminology, 1477370818773610.

This is an article published in the European journal of criminology that illustrates the different types of cyber-crimes that happen in the information systems. The author distinguishes between how individuals today handle cyber-crimes and how they handle the other normal crimes. The comparison shows that individuals don’t report any cyber-crimes to the authorities. The journal is said to be a scholarly article since it is a research article and it contains an abstract. The article is important to the research since it enables us to know how cyber-crimes should be handled.

Wadhwa, A., & Arora, N. (2017). A Review on Cyber Crime: Major Threats and Solutions. International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science, 8(5).

The journal mainly discusses the major threats that information systems face today. Some of the crimes identified include in the journal are child pornography, cyber stalking, fraud and copyright infringement. The author also gives detailed factors about the crime from research. To begin with, in every three minutes a person is affected by cyber-crimes. Also, research indicates that cyber-crimes has become rampant than drug trafficking in most countries. The journal is said to be a scholarly article since it contains references and it is authors are experts in the field of computer science. The journal is important as it gives major threats to information systems and their solutions.

Wang, J., Gupta, M., & Rao, H. R. (2015). Insider threats in a financial institution: Analysis of attack-proneness of information systems applications. MIS quarterly, 39(1).

The journal entails the risks that may arise in an organization to be precise a financial organization as a result of occurrence of cyber-crimes. The journal also emphasizes on use of the routine activity theory so as to tell the frequency of the crimes and the most likely departments to be affected. The journal is a scholarly article since it graphics like one photograph, one illustration, seven charts and three graphs and also an abstract. The journal is important to the study as it enables us to know how the specific application characteristics in the specific organization like accessibility, and guardians, cause applications to be exposed to pressures are developed.

References

Biener, C., Eling, M., & Wirfs, J. H. (2015). Insurability of cyber risk: An empirical analysis. The Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance-Issues and Practice, 40(1), 131-158.

Schreuders, Z. C., Cockcroft, T. W., Butterfield, E. M., & Elliott, J. R. (2017). Cybercrime Policing: Needs Analysis and Building a Research Culture