DISSCUSSION ASSIGNMENT, NO PLAGARISM, A++ WORK (GREAT WORK)

Week 4

Assignment 4a Annotated Bibliography

Instructions: You need to put annotations in your own words.

Dr. Johnson

Armstrong, Neil et al. “Aerobic Fitness and Its Relationship to Sport, Exercise Training and Habitual Physical Activity During Youth.” British journal of sports medicine 45.11 (2011): 849–858. Web.

AIMTo analyse aerobic fitness and its relationship with sport participation, exercise training and habitual physical activity (HPA) during youth. METHODSStudies were located through computer searches of Medline, SPORT Discus and personal databases. Systematic reviews of time trends in aerobic fitness/performance, and exercise training and peak oxygen uptake (peak VO(2)) are reported. RESULTSPeak VO(2) increases with age and maturation. Boys' peak VO(2) is higher than girls'. Despite data showing a decrease in performance test estimates of aerobic fitness there is no compelling evidence to suggest that young people have low levels of peak VO(2) or that it is declining over time. The primary time constant of the VO(2) kinetics response to moderate and heavy intensity exercise slows with age and the VO(2) kinetics response to heavy intensity exercise is faster in boys. There is a negative correlation between lactate threshold as a percentage of peak VO(2) and age but differences related to maturation or sex remain to be proven. Young athletes have higher peak VO(2), a faster primary time constant and accumulate less blood lactate at the same relative exercise intensity than their untrained peers. Young people can increase their peak VO(2) through exercise training but a meaningful relationship between aerobic fitness and HPA has not been demonstrated. CONCLUSIONSDuring youth the responses of the components of aerobic fitness vary in relation to age, maturation and sex. Exercise training will enhance aerobic fitness but a relationship between young people's current HPA and aerobic fitness remains to be proven.

Caron, Jeffrey, and Bloom, Gordon. (2015). “Ethical Issues Surrounding Concussions and Player Safety in Professional Ice Hockey.” Neuroethics 8.1: 5–13. Web.

Concussions in professional sports have received increased attention, which is partly attributable to evidence that found concussion incidence rates were much higher than previously thought (Echlin et al. Journal of Neurosurgical Focus 29:1–10, 2010). Further to this, professional hockey players articulated how their concussion symptoms affected their professional careers, interpersonal relationships, and qualities of life (Caron et al. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology 35:168–179, 2013). Researchers are beginning to associate multiple/repeated concussions with Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE), a structural brain injury that is characterized by tau protein deposits in distinct areas of the brain (McKee et al. Brain 136:43–64, 2013). Taken together, concussions impact many people in the sporting community from current and former professional athletes and their families to medical and health professionals and researchers.

Greenfield, Bruce H, West, Charles Robert, and Greenfield, Bruce H. (2012). “Ethical Issues in Sports Medicine: a Review and Justification for Ethical Decision Making and Reasoning.” Sports health 4.6: 475–479. Web.

Ethical issues present a challenge for health care professionals working with athletes of sports teams. Health care professionals—including the team physician, the physical therapist, and the athletic trainer—are faced with the challenge of returning an athlete to competition as quickly as possible but as safely as possible. Conflicts of interest arise due to conflicting obligations of the team physician to the athlete and other members of the sports organization, including coaches and the team owner. The multiple stakeholders involved in sports teams challenge the traditional notion of confidentiality and autonomy. The aims of this article are to explicate the ethics of sports medicine, highlight the ethical

Helm, Janet. “Ethical and Legal Issues Related to Blogging and Social Media. (2013).” Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics 113.5: 688–690. Web.

Dietetics practitioners are increasingly turning to the Internet--using blogs and other forms of social media--to educate the public, promote products or services, and build a professional brand. The fundamental principles of honesty, integrity, and fairness outlined in the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics/Commission on Dietetic Registration Code of Ethics for the Profession of Dietetics apply to all forms of marketing and communications, including blogging and social media. Here, Helm discusses ethical and legal issues related to blogging and social media.

Hums, Mary, Barr, Carol, and Gullion, Laurie. (1999). “The Ethical Issues Confronting Managers in the Sport Industry.” Journal of Business Ethics 20.1: 51–66. Web.

The sport industry is an extremely diverse industry, including segments such as professional sport, intercollegiate athletics, health and fitness, recreational sport and facility management. The industry is currently experiencing rapid growth and development, and as it grows, sport managers in the different segments encounter ethical issues which are often unique to each segment. The professional sport, intercollegiate athletics, health and fitness, recreational sport and facility management segments of the sport industry are examined and the various ethical issues facing managers in each of these segments are discussed.

Lewandowska, Aleksandra and Leźnicki, Marcin. (2016). “Doping w Sporcie Jako Problem Etyczno-Społeczny = Doping in Sport as a Problem Ethical and Social.” Journal of Education, Health and Sport 6.7: 548–555. Web.

The article presents the issues of doping in sport used in the context of possible social consequences associated with its use, as well as at the level of biomedical related to the rapid development of biomedical technologies in area of human  body enhancement. In addition to the analysis of quality issues "sport enhancement" in the perspective of bioethical resolving, in the text refers to statistics showing the use of doping in sport, in terms both time as well as spatial.

Mccalla, Sandra, and Shepherd, Neil. (2014). “MORAL/ETHICAL ANALYSIS OF PERFORMANCE ENHANCEMENT IN SPORTS.” International Journal of Arts & Sciences 7.4: 371–381. Web.

From as early as human memory can go, individuals in various cultures have engaged in various recreational and competitive activities. It is from these recreational, entertainment and competition activities that more organized and structured competitive games and sports were developed. The foundation of these competitive sports hinges on fairness and honesty but these ethical concepts are not always upheld. It is with this in mind that this paper seeks to offer a philosophical investigation into the use of performance enhancing drugs in competitive sports with a focus on the importance of ethics and fair play. We believe that the existing system of banning performance enhancement drugs and punishing athletes caught using same may be warranted in order to maintain the integrity of sports. In a quest to respond to the issues raised on fairness, our discussions will focus on an ethical framework. From this ethical perspective, we combine Jeremy Bentham's Utilitarian theory with Kant's Deontology theory to show how a combination of both theories can provide one possible response to the ethical actions of athletes in respect to the use of performance enhancers. We argue for a form of 'self duty' that all athletes should have to the ethical rules as is applied to honesty and integrity.

Mcnamee, Michael, Partridge, Bradley, and Anderson, Lynley. (2015) “Concussion in Sport: Conceptual and Ethical Issues.” Kinesiology Review 4.2: 190–202. Web.

The issue of concussion in sport is a matter of global public interest that is currently under dispute by educational, legal, and medical professionals and scientists. In this article we discuss the problem from philosophical, bioethical, and sports ethical perspectives. We articulate conceptual differences in approaches to definition and therefore diagnosis of concussion. We critically review similarities and differences in the leading consensus statements that guide the treatment of concussion diagnosis and treatment in sports. We then present a series of ethical problems including issues that relate to paternalistic intervention in the lives of athletes in order to prevent harm to athletes, conflicting and competing interests, and confidentiality.

Polly, Dianne. “Avoiding Ethical and Legal Issues in Practice Settings. (2013).” Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics 113.12: n. pag. Web.

Dietetics practitioners encounter many ethical and legal gray areas in professional practice every day. These issues may include patient-related decisions, appropriate business practices, or relationships with professionals, customers, and employees. In today's litigious world, with expanding and changing practices in both institutional and private practice setting, many professionals are experiencing an increase in ethical conflicts and greater exposure to legal action than ever before. And, unfortunately, sometimes making the wrong decision can have long-lasting and significant negative consequences for their lives and careers. Here, Polly discusses avoiding ethical and legal issues in practice settings.

Phillips, Shaun. “Carbohydrate Supplementation and Prolonged Intermittent High- Intensity Exercise in Adolescents.”  Sports Medicine 42.10 (2012): 817–828. Web.

In the last decade, research has begun to investigate the efficacy of carbohydrate supplementation for improving aspects of physical capacity and skill performance during sport-specific exercise in adolescent team games players. This research remains in its infancy, and further study would be beneficial considering the large youth population actively involved in team games.

Literature on the influence of carbohydrate supplementation on skill performance is scarce, limited to shooting accuracy in adolescent basketball players and conflicting in its findings. Between-study differences in the exercise protocol, volume of fluid and carbohydrate consumed, use of prior fatiguing exercise and timing of skill tests may contribute to the different findings. Conversely, initial data supports carbohydrate supplementation in solution and gel form for improving intermittent endurance running capacity following soccer-specific shuttle running. These studies produced reliable data, but were subject to limitations including lack of quantification of the metabolic response of participants, limited generalization of data due to narrow participant age and maturation ranges, use of males and females within the same sample and non-standardized pre-exercise nutritional status between participants.

There is a lack of consensus regarding the influence of frequently consuming carbohydrate-containing products on tooth enamel erosion and the development of obesity or being overweight in adolescent athletes and non-athletes. These discrepancies mean that the initiation or exacerbation of health issues due to frequent consumption of carbohydrate-containing products by adolescents cannot be conclusively refuted. Coupled with the knowledge that consuming a natural, high-carbohydrate diet ∼3-8 hours before exercise can significantly alter substrate use and improve exercise performance in adults, a moral and ethical concern is raised regarding the direction of future research in order to further knowledge while safeguarding the health and well-being of young participants.

It could be deemed unethical to continue study into carbohydrate supplementation while ignoring the potential health concerns and the possibility of generating similar performance enhancements using natural dietary interventions. Therefore, future work should investigate the influence of pre-exercise dietary intake on the prolonged intermittent, high-intensity exercise performance of adolescents. This would enable quantification of whether pre-exercise nutrition can modulate exercise performance and, if so, the optimum dietary composition to achieve this. Research could then combine this knowledge with ingestion of carbohydrate-containing products during exercise to facilitate ethical and healthy nutritional guidelines for enhancing the exercise performance of adolescents.

This article addresses the available evidence regarding carbohydrate supplementation and prolonged intermittent, high-intensity exercise in adolescent team games players. It discusses the potential health concerns associated with the frequent use of carbohydrate-containing products by adolescents and how this affects the research ethics of the field, and considers directions for future work. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]