part of group project. Software management.
Dalamri
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1
C SC
3 8
3 S
o ft
w a
re P
ro je
c t
M a
n a
g e
m e
n t
2
S O
F T
W A
R E
P R
O JE
C T
M A
N A
G E
M E
N T
C S
C -
38 3
• R
is k
M an
ag em
en t
3
R E
S O
U R
C E
E S
T IM
AT IO
N
C O
C O
M O
II
4
5
P R
O JE
C T
E S
T IM
AT IO
N
S of
tw ar
e P
ro je
ct P
la n
P ro
je ct
S co
pe R
es ou
rc es
E st
im at
es R
is ks
S ch
ed ul
e C
on tr
ol s
tr at
eg y
6
D E
F IN
IN G
P R
O JE
C T
R IS
K S
W ha
t c an
g o
w ro
ng ?
W ha
t i s
th e
lik el
ih oo
d? W
ha t w
ill th
e da
m ag
e be
? W
ha t c
an w
e do
a bo
ut it
?
• R
is k
in vo
lv es
2 th
in gs
: 1.
U nc
er ta
in ty
in th
e ris
k oc
cu rr
in g
2. Lo
ss if
th e
ris k
do es
oc
cu r
7– 7
M A
N A
G IN
G R
IS K
• R
is k
R e
sp o
n se
D e
ve lo
p m
e n
t •
M iti
g a
tin g
R is
k •
R e
d u
c in
g t
h e
li ke
lih o
o d
a n
a d
ve rs
e e
ve n
t w
ill o
c c
u r.
• R
e d
u c
in g
im p
a c
t o
f a
d ve
rs e
e ve
n t.
• A
vo id
in g
R is
k •
C h
a n
g in
g t
h e
p ro
je c
t p
la n
t o
e lim
in a
te th
e r
is k
o r
c o
n d
iti o
n .
• Tr
a n
sf e
rr in
g R
is k
• P
a yi
n g
a p
re m
iu m
t o
p a
ss t
h e
r is
k to
a n
o th
e r
p a
rt y.
• R
e q
u iri
n g
B u
ild -O
w n
-O p
e ra
te -T
ra n
sf e
r (B
O O
T) p
ro vi
si o
n s.
• R
e ta
in in
g R
is k
• M
a ki
n g
a c
o n
sc io
u s
d e
c is
io n
t o
a c
c e
p t
th e
r is
k.
PR O
A C
T IV
E V
S. R
E A
C T
IV E
8
9
R E
A C
T IV
E R
IS K
M A
N A
G E
M E
N T
• P
ro je
ct te
am r
ea ct
s to
r is
ks w
he n
th ey
o cc
ur •
M iti
ga tio
n —
pl an
fo r
ad di
tio na
l r es
ou rc
es in
an
tic ip
at io
n of
fi re
fi gh
tin g
• Fi
x on
fa ilu
re —
re so
ur ce
a re
fo un
d an
d ap
pl ie
d w
he n
th e
ris k
st rik
es •
C ri
si s
m an
ag em
en t —
fa ilu
re d
oe s
no t
re sp
on d
to a
pp lie
d re
so ur
ce s
an d
pr oj
ec t i
s in
je
op ar
dy
10
P R
O A
C T
IV E
R IS
K
M A
N A
G E
M E
N T
• F
or m
al r
is k
an al
ys is
is p
er fo
rm ed
• O
rg an
iz at
io n
co rr
ec ts
th e
ro ot
c au
se s
of r
is k
• A
pp ly
q ua
lit y
m an
ag em
en t c
on ce
pt s
an d
st at
is tic
al
S Q
A •
E xa
m in
e ris
k so
ur ce
s th
at li
e be
yo nd
th e
bo un
ds o
f th
e so
ftw ar
e •
D ev
el op
th e
sk ill
s to
m an
ag e
ch an
ge
11
T H
R E
E T
Y P
E S
O F
R IS
K S
1. P
ro je
ct R
is ks
• T
hi ng
s th
at w
ill n
eg at
iv el
y im
pa ct
y ou
r pr
oj ec
t p la
n •
In cl
ud es
s ta
ffi ng
, b ud
ge t,
pe rs
on ne
l, et
c. 2.
Te ch
ni ca
l R is
ks •
A ll
pr ob
le m
s w
ith d
es ig
n, im
pl em
en ta
tio n,
e tc
. •
A ls
o in
cl ud
es s
pe ci
fic at
io n
am bi
gu ity
, “ bl
ee di
ng -
ed ge
” te
ch no
lo gy
, e tc
.
12
T H
R E
E T
Y P
E S
O F
R IS
K S
II
3. B
us in
es s
R is
ks •
M ar
ke t R
is k
- M
ak e
a pr
od uc
t n o
on e
w an
ts •
S tr
at eg
ic R
is k –
pr od
uc t d
oe sn
't fit
b us
in es
s st
ra te
gy •
S al
es R
is k –
M ak
in g
a pr
od uc
t s al
es c
an ’ t s
el l
• M
an ag
em en
t R is
k –
m an
ag em
en t l
os es
in te
re st
• B
ud ge
t R is
k –
pr oj
ec t l
os es
fu nd
in g
13
P R
O D
U C
T R
IS K
IS S
U E
S
• P
ro du
ct a
ttr ib
ut es
th at
e ffe
ct r
is k:
• E
st im
at ed
s iz
e of
th e
pr od
uc t:
• in
L O
C o
r F
P ?
• in
n um
be r
of p
ro gr
am s,
fi le
s, tr
an sa
ct io
ns ?
• in
s iz
e of
d at
ab as
e cr
ea te
d or
u se
d by
th e
pr od
uc t?
• P
er ce
nt ag
e de
vi at
io n
in s
iz e
of p
ro du
ct fr
om a
ve ra
ge
fo r
pr ev
io us
p ro
du ct
s?
14
P R
O D
U C
T R
IS K
IS S
U E
S II
• M
or e
P ro
du ct
a ttr
ib ut
es th
at e
ffe ct
r is
k: •
N um
be r
of u
se rs
o f t
he p
ro du
ct ?
• N
um be
r of
p ro
je ct
ed c
ha ng
es to
th e
re qu
ire m
en ts
fo r
th e
pr od
uc t?
•
be fo
re d
el iv
er y?
•
af te
r de
liv er
y? •
A m
ou nt
o f r
eu se
d so
ftw ar
e?
15
S E
I’ S
S E
V E
N P
R IN
C IP
LE S
O F
R IS
K
M A
N A
G E
M E
N T
1. M
ai nt
ai n
a gl
ob al
p er
sp ec
tiv e —
vi ew
s of
tw ar
e ris
ks w
ith in
th
e co
nt ex
t o f s
ys te
m a
nd th
e bu
si ne
ss p
ro bl
em
2. Ta
ke a
fo rw
ar d-
lo ok
in g
vi ew
? —
th in
k ab
ou t t
he r
is ks
th at
m
ay a
ris e
in th
e fu
tu re
; es
ta bl
is h
co nt
in ge
nc y
pl an
s
3. E
nc ou
ra ge
o pe
n co
m m
un ic
at io
n —
if so
m eo
ne s
ta te
s a
po te
nt ia
l r is
k, d
on ’ t d
is co
un t i
t.
4. In
te gr
at e —
th e
co ns
id er
at io
n of
r is
k m
us t b
e in
te gr
at ed
in to
th
e so
ftw ar
e pr
oc es
s
16
S E
V E
N P
R IN
C IP
LE S
II
5. E
m ph
as iz
e a
co nt
in uo
us p
ro ce
ss —
th e
te am
m us
t b e
vi gi
la nt
th ro
ug ho
ut th
e so
ftw ar
e pr
oc es
s, m
od ify
in g
id en
tif ie
d ris
ks a
s m
or e
in fo
rm at
io n
is k
no w
n an
d ad
di ng
n ew
o ne
s as
be
tte r
in si
gh t i
s ac
hi ev
ed .
6. D
ev el
op a
s ha
re d
pr od
uc t v
is io
n —
if al
l s ta
ke ho
ld er
s sh
ar e
th e
sa m
e vi
si on
o f t
he s
of tw
ar e,
it li
ke ly
th at
b et
te r
ris k
id en
tif ic
at io
n an
d as
se ss
m en
t w ill
o cc
ur .
7. E
nc ou
ra ge
te am
w or
k —
th e
ta le
nt s,
s ki
lls a
nd k
no w
le dg
e of
al
l s ta
ke ho
ld er
s ho
ul d
be p
oo le
d
17
R IS
K
R IS
K M
A N
A G
E M
E N
T PA
R A
D IG
M
co nt
ro l
id en
tif y
an al
yz e
pl an
tr ac
k
18
Q U
E S
T IO
N S
F O
R A
S S
E S
S IN
G P
R O
JE C
T R
IS K
-I
1. H
a ve
t o
p s
o ft
w a
re a
n d
c u
st o
m e
r m
a n
a g
e rs
fo
rm a
lly c
o m
m itt
e d
t o
s u
p p
o rt
t h
e p
ro je
c t?
2. A
re e
n d
-u se
rs e
n th
u si
a st
ic a
lly c
o m
m itt
e d
t o
t h
e
p ro
je c
t a
n d
t h
e s
ys te
m /p
ro d
u c
t to
b e
b u
ilt ?
3. A
re r
e q
u ire
m e
n ts
f u
lly u
n d
e rs
to o
d b
y th
e s
o ft
w a
re
e n
g in
e e
rin g
t e
a m
a n
d t
h e
ir c
u st
o m
e rs
?
4. H
a ve
c u
st o
m e
rs b
e e
n in
vo lv
e d
f u
lly in
t h
e d
e fin
iti o
n
o f
re q
u ire
m e
n ts
?
19
Q U
E S
T IO
N S
F O
R A
S S
E S
S IN
G P
R O
JE C
T R
IS K
-I I
5. D
o e
n d
-u se
rs h
a ve
re a
lis tic
e xp
e c
ta tio
n s?
6. Is
p ro
je c
t sc
o p
e s
ta b
le ?
7. D
o e
s th
e s
o ft
w a
re e
n g
in e
e rin
g t
e a
m h
a ve
t h
e r
ig h
t m
ix o
f sk
ill s?
8. A
re p
ro je
c t
re q
u ire
m e
n ts
s ta
b le
?
20
Q U
E S
T IO
N S
F O
R A
S S
E S
S IN
G P
R O
JE C
T R
IS K
-I II
9. D
o e
s th
e p
ro je
c t
te a
m h
a ve
e xp
e rie
n c
e w
ith t
h e
te
c h
n o
lo g
y to
b e
im p
le m
e n
te d
?
10 .I
s th
e n
u m
b e
r o
f p
e o
p le
o n
t h
e p
ro je
c t
te a
m
a d
e q
u a
te t
o d
o t
h e
jo b
?
11 .D
o a
ll c
u st
o m
e r/
u se
r c
o n
st itu
e n
c ie
s a
g re
e o
n t
h e
im
p o
rt a
n c
e o
f th
e p
ro je
c t
a n
d o
n t
h e
r e
q u
ire m
e n
ts
fo r
th e
s ys
te m
/p ro
d u
c t
to b
e b
u ilt
?
21
B U
IL D
IN G
A R
IS K
T A
B LE
• D
ef in
e th
e ris
k ca
te go
ry •
E st
im at
e th
e pr
ob ab
ili ty
of o
cc ur
re nc
e •
E st
im at
e th
e im
pa ct
o n
th e
pr oj
ec t o
n a
sc al
e of
1
to 5
, w he
re •
1 =
lo w
im pa
ct o
n pr
oj ec
t s uc
ce ss
• 5
= ca
ta st
ro ph
ic im
pa ct
o n
pr oj
ec t s
uc ce
ss •
• S
or t t
he ta
bl e
by p
ro ba
bi lit
y an
d im
pa ct
22
R IS
K S
C AT
E G
O R
IE S
F O
R T
H E
R IS
K T
A B
LE
• P
er fo
rm an
ce ri
sk —
th e
de gr
ee o
f u nc
er ta
in ty
th at
th e
pr od
uc t
w ill
m ee
t i ts
r eq
ui re
m en
ts a
nd b
e fit
fo r
its in
te nd
ed u
se .
• C
os t r
is k —
th e
de gr
ee o
f u nc
er ta
in ty
th at
th e
pr oj
ec t b
ud ge
t w
ill b
e m
ai nt
ai ne
d.
• S
up po
rt ris
k —
th e
de gr
ee o
f u nc
er ta
in ty
th at
th e
re su
lta nt
so
ftw ar
e w
ill b
e ea
sy to
c or
re ct
, a da
pt , a
nd e
nh an
ce .
• S
ch ed
ul e
ris k —
th e
de gr
ee o
f u nc
er ta
in ty
th at
th e
pr oj
ec t
sc he
du le
w ill
b e
m ai
nt ai
ne d
an d
th at
th e
pr od
uc t w
ill b
e de
liv er
ed o
n tim
e.
23
B U
IL D
IN G
A R
IS K
T A
B LE
R is
k P
ro b
Im pa
ct R
M M
M
R is
k M
iti ga
tio n
M on
ito ri
ng &
M
an ag
em en
t C
ut of
f Li
ne
C at
eg or
y
C an
u se
8 0/
20 r
ul e
to h
el p
dr aw
th e
cu to
ff li
ne –
80 %
o f r
is k
in 2
0% o
f i te
m s
24
C A
LC U
LA T
IN G
R IS
K E
X P
O S
U R
E (
IM PA
C T
)
• T
he o
ve ra
ll ri
sk e
xp os
ur e,
R E
, i s
de te
rm in
ed u
si ng
th e
fo llo
w in
g re
la tio
ns hi
p: R
E =
P x
C •
W he
re :
• P
is th
e pr
ob ab
ili ty
o f o
cc ur
re nc
e fo
r a
ris k
• C
is th
e co
st to
th e
pr oj
ec t s
ho ul
d th
e ris
k oc
cu r
• H
el ps
m ak
e ris
ks q
ua nt
ifi ab
le s
o m
an ag
em en
t c an
un
de rs
ta nd
th em
• i.e
. p ut
th em
in fi
na nc
ia l t
er m
s
25
• M
iti ga
tio n—
ho w
c an
w e
av oi
d th
e ris
k?
• M
on ito
ri ng
— ho
w d
o w
e tr
ac k
th e
ris k
?
• M
an ag
em en
t— w
ha t c
on tin
ge nc
y pl
an s
do
w e
ha ve
if th
e ris
k be
co m
es a
r ea
lit y?
R IS
K M
IT IG
AT IO
N , M
O N
IT O
R IN
G , A
N D
M
A N
A G
E M
E N
T
26
• M
iti ga
tio n—
• H
ow c
an w
e av
oi d
th e
ris k?
• D
ev el
op a
s tr
at eg
y fo
r ei
th er
a vo
id in
g th
e ris
k or
m
in im
iz in
g its
im pa
ct •
F or
te ch
ni ca
l r is
ks , r
ec al
l e ar
ly fe
as ib
ili ty
an
al ys
is to
h el
p as
se ss
s ev
er ity
o f t
he te
ch ni
ca l
ris k
• A
ls o
al w
ay s
ha ve
p ar
al le
l p at
hs fo
r ea
ch
id en
tif ie
d hi
gh te
ch ni
ca l r
is k
ar ea
R IS
K M
IT IG
AT IO
N , M
O N
IT O
R IN
G , A
N D
M
A N
A G
E M
E N
T II
27
• M
on ito
ri ng
— •
W ha
t f ac
to rs
c an
w e
tr ac
k th
at w
ill e
na bl
e us
to d
et er
m in
e if
th e
ris k
is b
ec om
in g
m or
e or
le ss
li ke
ly ?
• A
ss es
s if
th e
ris ks
a ct
ua lly
m ay
b e
oc cu
rr in
g •
E ns
ur e
an y
ris k
av oi
da nc
e pl
an s
ar e
be in
g fo
llo w
ed •
C ol
le ct
in fo
/m et
ric s
fo r
fu tu
re r
is k
an al
ys is
R IS
K M
IT IG
AT IO
N , M
O N
IT O
R IN
G , A
N D
M
A N
A G
E M
E N
T III
28
• M
an ag
em en
t— •
W ha
t c on
tin ge
nc y
pl an
s do
w e
ha ve
if th
e ris
k be
co m
es a
r ea
lit y?
• P
la ce
th is
in th
e P
ro je
ct P
la n
or a
s ep
ar at
e R
is k
m an
ag em
en t P
la n
• B
e su
re to
d oc
um en
t t he
r is
ks a
nd c
on sc
io us
ly
m an
ag e
th em
R IS
K M
IT IG
AT IO
N , M
O N
IT O
R IN
G , A
N D
M
A N
A G
E M
E N
T IV
7– 29
C O
N T
IN G
E N
C Y
F U
N D
IN G
A N
D T
IM E
B
U FF
E R
S
• C
o n
tin g
e n
c y
Fu n
d s
• Fu
n d
s to
c o
ve r p
ro je
c t
ris ks —
id e
n tif
ie d
a n
d u
n kn
o w
n .
• Si
ze o
f fu
n d
s re
fle c
ts o
ve ra
ll ris
k o
f a
p ro
je c
t •
B u
d g
e t
re se
rv e
s •
A re
li n
ke d
t o
t h
e id
e n
tif ie
d ri
sk s
o f
sp e
c ifi
c w
o rk
p a
c ka
g e
s. •
M a
n a
g e
m e
n t
re se
rv e
s •
A re
la rg
e f
u n
d s
to b
e u
se d
t o
c o
ve r m
a jo
r u n
fo re
se e
n r
is ks
( e
.g .,
c h
a n
g e
in p
ro je
c t
sc o
p e
) o
f th
e t
o ta
l p ro
je c
t.
• Ti
m e
B u
ff e
rs •
A m
o u
n ts
o f
tim e
u se
d t
o c
o m
p e
n sa
te f
o r
u n
p la
n n
e d
d e
la ys
in
t h
e p
ro je
c t
sc h
e d
u le
. •
Se ve
re r
is k,
m e
rg e
, n o
n c
rit ic
a l,
a n
d s
c a
rc e
r e
so u
rc e
a c
tiv iti
e s
