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UnitVIII_Chapter13Presentation.ppt

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Criminology

CHAPTER

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

THIRD EDITION

Technology and Crime—It's a Double-Edged Sword

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Chapter Objectives

Explain cybercrime and describe how it is committed.
Describe the extent and forms of cybercrime.
Describe the legislation that has been enacted in an effort to curb cybercrime.

continued on next slide

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Chapter Objectives

Describe the typical profile of computer criminals.
Explain how technology arms criminals with new methods of crime commission while simultaneously providing criminal justice personnel with the tools to combat crime.

continued on next slide

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Chapter Objectives

Summarize the steps being taken to combat computer crime.
Identify freedom-of-speech issues that modern technology has introduced.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Learning Objective 13.1

Explain cybercrime and describe how it is committed.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Cybercrime

The 21st century has been termed the postindustrial information age.
Criminal perpetrators have been able to take advantage of this age.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Cybercrime

Hacker
A person who uses computers for exploration and exploitation
Cybercrime
Any violation of a federal or state computer-crime statute

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Cybercrime

Five Types of Cybercrime
Internal cybercrimes
Internet and telecommunication crimes
Support of criminal enterprises
Computer-manipulation
Hardware, software, and information theft

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Learning Objective 13.2

Describe the extent and forms of cybercrime.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Extent and Forms of Cybercrime

The Extent of Cybercrime
The annual cost of cybercrime in the United States at around $666 million.
Computer crime cost most companies an average of less than $100,000.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Extent and Forms of Cybercrime

Software Piracy
The unauthorized and illegal copying of software
Phishing
An internet-based scam used to steal valuable information such as credit card numbers, Social Security numbers, user IDs, and passwords

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Extent and Forms of Cybercrime

Computer Virus
A computer program that is designed to secretly invade computer systems to modify the way in which they operate or alter the information they store

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Learning Objective 13.3

Describe the legislation that has been enacted in an effort to curb cybercrime.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Anti-Cybercrime Legislation

Communications Decency Act (CDA) of 1996
The law sought to protect minors from harmful material on the Internet.
A portion of the CDA criminalized the knowing transmission of obscene or indecent messages to any recipient under 18 years of age.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Anti-Cybercrime Legislation

Reno v. ACLU (1997)
Found much of the CDA to be unconstitutional, ruling it contradicts the First Amendment free speech guarantees

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Anti-Cybercrime Legislation

No Electronic Theft Act (1997)
A federal law that criminalizes the willful infringement of copyrighted works, including by electronic means, even when the infringing party derives no direct financial benefit from the infringement

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Anti-Cybercrime Legislation

Digital Theft Deterrence and Copyright Damages Improvement Act (1999)
A federal law that attempted to combat software piracy by increasing the amount of damages that could be awarded in case of copyright infringement

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Anti-Cybercrime Legislation

Cyber Security Enhancement Act (2002)
Part of the Homeland Security Act of 2002
Directed the U.S. Sentencing Commission to take several factors into account in creating new sentencing guidelines for computer criminals

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Anti-Cybercrime Legislation

Computer-Related Crime
Any illegal act for which knowledge of computer technology is involved for its investigation, perpetration, or prosecution

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Anti-Cybercrime Legislation

Computer Abuse
An unlawful incident associated with computer technology in which a victim suffered or could have suffered loss and/or a perpetrator by intention made or could have made a gain

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Learning Objective 13.4

Describe the typical profile of computer criminals.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Typical Profile of Computer Criminals

A Profile of Computer Criminals
Male
Between 16–25 years of age
Lives in the United States
Computer user, not programmer
Hacks with software written by others
Primary motivation is to gain access to websites and networks, not profit financially

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Typical Profile of Computer Criminals

The History and Nature of Hacking
Early hacking involved the interstate phone system.
Phone phreak
Person who uses special telecommunications access codes and other restricted technical information to avoid charges or disrupt services.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Learning Objective 13.5

Explain how technology arms criminals with new methods of crime commission while simultaneously providing criminal justice personnel with the tools to combat crime.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Technology as a Tool for Criminals
and Criminal Justice Personnel

Technology in the Fight Against Crime
Technology is a double-edged sword.
On one hand, it arms potential criminals with potent new weapons of crime commission.
On the other hand, it provides criminal justice personnel with powerful tools useful in the battle against crime.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Technology as a Tool for Criminals
and Criminal Justice Personnel

DNA Technology
The use of biological residue found at the scene of a crime for genetic comparisons in aiding the identification of criminal suspects

Definition from glossary.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Technology as a Tool for Criminals
and Criminal Justice Personnel

Computers as Crime-Fighting Tools
Expert Systems
Computer hardware and software that attempt to duplicate the decision-making processes used by skilled investigators in the analysis of evidence, and in the recognition of patterns that such evidence might represent

Definition from glossary

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Learning Objective 13.6

Summarize the steps being taken to combat computer crime.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Combating Computer Crime

Data Encryption
The process by which information is encoded, making it unreadable to all but its intended recipients
Threat Analysis
A complete and thorough assessment of the potential disasters facing an organization

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Combating Computer Crime

Audit Trail
A sequential record of system activities that enables auditors to reconstruct, review, and examine the sequence of states and activities surrounding each event in one or more related transactions from inception to output of final results back to inception

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Combating Computer Crime

DCS-1000
An FBI-developed network diagnostic tool intended to assist in criminal investigations by monitoring and capturing large amounts of Internet traffic

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Learning Objective 13.7

Identify freedom-of-speech issues that modern technology has introduced.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Freedom of Speech

The continued development of telecommunications resources has led not only to concerns about security and data integrity, but also to an expanding interest in privacy, free speech, and personal freedoms.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Freedom of Speech

First and Fourth Amendments to the U.S. Constitution
Guarantee each person freedom of speech and security in his or her "persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures”

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Freedom of Speech

Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF)
A non-profit organization founded in July 1990 to ensure the principles embodies in the Constitution and Bill of Rights are protected as new communications technologies emerge

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Chapter Summary

Cybercrime is a violation of any federal or state computer-crime statute.
The sophistication of cybercriminals makes it difficult to quantify losses.
New laws have been developed at both state and federal levels to prosecute unauthorized computer access.

continued on next slide

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Chapter Summary

The typical computer hacker is a 25-year old white American male.
Technology is a double-edged sword. It arms potential criminals with potent new weapons of crime commission. It also provides criminal justice personnel with tools useful in the battle against crime.

continued on next slide

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Chapter Summary

Effective programs to fight cybercrime must use threat analysis.
Efforts to control high-tech crime through criminal investigation and prosecution impact issues of individual rights.