Scholarly Activity

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Criminology

CHAPTER

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

THIRD EDITION

Crimes Against Persons— What We Fear

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Chapter Objectives

• Describe the major national crime- data-gathering programs and explain the differences between them.

• Summarize various types and patterns of murder

• Provide a closer look at the crime of murder.

continued on next slide

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Chapter Objective

• Define serial murder and list the different types of serial killers.

• Explain how mass murder differs from serial murder and list the different types of mass murderers.

continued on next slide

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Chapter Objectives

• Show how definitions of rape differ and describe the various perspectives that have been offered to explain the crime of rape.

• Summarize the various types and patterns of rape and violence against women.

continued on next slide

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Chapter Objectives

• Describe the types and patterns of child physical and sexual abuse.

• Describe the crime of robbery.

• Compare the different types of assault.

• Describe other violent crimes, including hate crimes, workplace violence, and stalking.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Learning Objective 9.1

Describe the major national crime-data- gathering programs and explain the

differences between them.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Crime Data Programs

• Bureau of Justice conducts the annual National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS).

• FBI publishes yearly data under summary based Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) program and more detailed National Incident Based Reporting System (NIBRS).

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Crime Data Programs

• Each program uses their own definition of what is scored as a crime.

• None of the definitions used by the reporting agencies is strictly based on federal or state statutory crime classifications.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Learning Objective 9.2

Summarize the various types and patterns of murder.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

FIGURE 9-1 Violent Crimes and Their Definitions. Source: Federal Bureau of Investigation, Uniform Crime Reporting Program.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Types and Patterns of Murder

Homicide vs. Murder

• Homicide is the willful killing of one human being by another.

• Murder is an unlawful homicide.

• Criminal homicide is the causing of the death of another person without legal justification or excuse.

Types and Patterns of Murder

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Types and Patterns of Murder

• Types of murder

 First-degree murder

 Second-degree murder

 Negligent homicide

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Types and Patterns of Murder

• Felony Murder

 A special category of murder whereby an offender who commits a crime during which someone dies can be found guilty of first-degree murder even though the person committing the crime had no intention of killing anyone

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Types and Patterns of Murder

• Distinctive patterns of homicide can be identified by:

 Individual characteristics.

 Cultural norms.

 Community characteristics.

 Geographic region.

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Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Types and Patterns of Murder

• Distinctive patterns of homicide can be identified by:

 Availability of weapons and weapons used,

 Gang activity and affiliation.

 Victim-offender relationship.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Types and Patterns of Murder

• The Subculture of Violence Thesis

 The primary theoretical perspective used to explain the similarity between homicide victims and offenders

• African Americans are disproportionately represented in the homicide statistics as both victims and offenders.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Learning Objective 9.3

Provide a closer look at the crime of murder.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Murder

• Marvin Wolfgang study (1958)

 25% of all homicides were between family members.

 Women far more likely than men to be both offenders and victims within this category.

 Males more likely to be killed by friends and strangers than by family.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Murder

• Sibling Offense

 The incident that begins the homicide.

• Incident may be a crime, such as robbery, or another incident, such as a lover's quarrel.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Murder

• Victim Precipitation

 Contributions made by the victim to the criminal event, especially those that led to its initiation

• The thrust of the concept is not to blame the victim for the event, but to examine individual and situational factors that may have contributed to and initiated the crime.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Murder

Instrumentality vs. Availability

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Learning Objective 9.4

Define serial murder and list the different types of serial killers.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Serial Murder

• A criminal homicide that involves the killing of several victims in three or more separate incidents

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Serial Murder

• Types of serial killers

 Visionary serial killers

 Comfort serial killers

 Hedonistic serial killers

 Power seekers

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Learning Objective 9.5

Explain how mass murder differs from serial murder and list the different types

of mass murderers.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Mass Murder and Serial Murder

• Mass Murder

 The illegal killing of three or more individuals in a single event or during a short period of time

• Mass murderers tend to surprise their victims because they often attack in everyday locales that are considered safe and because they erupt spontaneously.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Mass Murder and Serial Murder

• Typology of Mass Murder

 Motivated by revenge

 Motivated by love

 Motivated by profit

 Motivated by terror

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Mass Murder and Serial Murder

• Unlike serial murders, mass murderers are usually easy to apprehend.

• Mass murderers rarely leave the scene of their crime either because they commit suicide or stay long enough to be detected.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Learning Objective 9.6

Show how definitions of rape differ and describe the various perspectives that

have been offered to explain the crime of rape.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Rape

• The penetration, no matter how slight, of the vagina or anus with any body part or object, or oral penetration by a sex organ of another person, without the consent of the victim

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Rape

• Forcible Rape

 The carnal knowledge of a person forcibly and against their will

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Rape

• The risk of sexual assault victimization for both females and males varies greatly by age.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

FIGURE 9-7 Sexual Assault Victimization Rates by Age and Sex. Source: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, Juvenile Offenders and Victims: 2006 National Report (Washington, DC: OJJDP, 2006), p. 31.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Rape

• Theoretical Perspectives on Rape

 Feminist Perspectives

 The Psychopathological Perspective

 Evolutionary/Biological Perspectives

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Rape

• Feminist Perspective on Rape

 Feminists view gender as a social construct, rather than as a biological given.

 Rape is viewed as a act of power or domination in which the tool used to subordinate is sexual.

 The sexual nature of rape is secondary to the power dynamics that occur in rapes.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Rape

• The Psychopathological Perspective on Rape

 Based on two assumptions

• Rape is the result of idiosyncratic mental disease.

• Rape often includes an uncontrollable sexual impulse.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Rape

• Power Rape

 Did not purposely set out to harm the victim

 Generally planned

 55% of reported rapes

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Rape

• Anger Rape

 Do purposely set out to harm their victim

 Generally impulsive

 40% of reported rapes

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Rape

• Sadistic Rape

 Involve a combination of power and anger motives

 Often involves torture

 5% of reported rapes

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Rape

• The Evolutionary/Biological Perspective on Rape

 Focuses on certain motives and ends that are conducive to rape

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Rape

• Sexual Selection

 Refers to the fact that some traits appear to survive not because they are related to survival, but because they increase the attraction of mates or the defense against competition over mates

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Rape

• Common law definition of rape

 The carnal knowledge of a woman, not one's wife, by force or against her will

• This definition was used until the 1970s.

• The law did not recognize rape of men or rape within marriage.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Rape

• Rape Shield Laws

 Statutes intended to protect rape victims by ensuring that defendants did not introduce irrelevant facts about the victim's sexual past into evidence

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Learning Objective 9.7

Summarize the various types and patterns of rape and violence against

women.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Types and Patterns of Rape and Violence Against Women

• Acquaintance Rape

 Rape characterized by a prior social, although not necessarily intimate or familial, relationship between the victim and the perpetrator

• The vast majority of rapes occur when the victim and the offender have some prior relationship.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Types and Patterns of Rape and Violence Against Women

• Spousal Rape

 The rape of one spouse by another

 The term usually refers to the rape of a woman by her husband.

• Not illegal in any state until 1976

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Types and Patterns of Rape and Violence Against Women

• Four-Part Typology of Men Who Rape Their Wives

 Prefer rape to consensual sex

 Enjoy both rape and consensual sex and are indifferent about which it is

 Prefer consensual sex but will rape when their sexual advances are refused

 Might like to rape their wives but do not act on their desires

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Types and Patterns of Rape and Violence Against Women

• The Prison Rape Elimination Act (PREA) of 2003

 Goal of reducing the number of incidents of rape in prison

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Learning Objective 9.8

Describe the types and patterns of child physical and sexual abuse.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Child Physical and Sexual Abuse

• Child Sexual Abuse

 Encompasses a variety of criminal and civil offenses in which an adult engages in sexual activity with a minor, exploits a minor for purposes of sexual gratification, or exploits a minor sexually for purposes of profit

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Child Physical and Sexual Abuse

• The NIJ reports that sexual offenses are more likely than other types of crime to elude the attention of the criminal justice system. Why do you think that is?

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Child Physical and Sexual Abuse

• Types of Child Sexual Abusers

 Almost all pedophiles are male.

 Otherwise, there is little which can be said about similarities among child sex abusers.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Child Physical and Sexual Abuse

• Regressed Pedophiles vs. Fixated Pedophiles

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Child Physical and Sexual Abuse

• Child Pornography

 A visual representation of any kind that depicts a minor engaging in sexually explicit conduct that is obscene and that lacks serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific value

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Learning Objective 9.9

Describe the crime of robbery.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Robbery

• The taking of or attempting to take anything of value under confrontational circumstances from the control, custody, or care of another person by force or threat of force or violence and/or putting the victim in fear of immediate harm

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Robbery

• Large metropolitan areas have the highest rates of robbery, while rural areas have the lowest.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Robbery

• Location of Robberies

 Highway Robbery

 Institutional Robbery

 Home Invasion Robbery

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Robbery

• The weapon most often used in robbery is a firearm.

 In most cases, the firearm is a handgun.

 Robbery accounts for 6% of all homicides annually and 42% of all felony murders.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Robbery

• The Motivation of Robbers

 Research tends to support the idea that there is very little planning in most robberies.

• Fast cash is the direct need that robbery satisfies.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Robbery

• The Gendered Nature of Robbery

 Men represent the vast majority of robbers.

• Presence of a gun was almost a constant.

• Males tend to rob other men rather than women because of the perception that men carried more money.

• Female robbers do not exhibit one clear style.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Learning Objective 9.10

Compare the different types of assault.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Assault

• Two Types of Assault

 Simple

 Aggravated

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Assault

• Aggravated Assault

 The unlawful attack by one person upon another wherein the offender uses a weapon or displays it in a threatening manner, or the victim suffers obvious or severe bodily injury

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Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Assault

• Aggravated Assault

 The profile of a typical aggravated assault offender is:

• African-American male.

• 15 to 34 years old.

• Lower socioeconomic status.

• Prior arrest records.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Assault

• The probability of suffering a serious personal crime by strangers is low.

• The majority of assaults involve victims and offenders who are known to each other.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Assault

• Intimate Partner Violence

 A special area of study in criminology that includes sexual violence, physical abuse, and stalking committed by a current or former partner or spouse of the victim

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Assault

• Intimate Partner Assault

 A gender-neutral term used to characterize assaultive behavior that takes place between individuals involved in an intimate relationship

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Assault

• Separation Assault

 Violence inflicted by partners on significant others who attempt to leave an intimate relationship

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Assault

• Female victims experience multiple forms of interpersonal violence.

• National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence survey found most rape and interpersonal violence incidents are first experienced before age 24.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Learning Objective 9.11

Describe other violent crimes, including hate crimes, workplace violence, and

stalking.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Workplace Violence

• Workplace Violence

 The crimes of murder, rape, robbery, and assault committed against persons who are at work or on duty

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Workplace Violence

• Four Types of Workplace Violence

 Type 1

• Violent acts by criminals who have no other connection with the workplace, but enter to commit robbery, acts of terrorism, or another crime

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Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Workplace Violence

• Four Types of Workplace Violence

 Type 2

• Violence directed at employees by customers, clients, patients, students, inmates, or any others for whom an organization provides services

 Type 3

• Violence against coworkers, supervisors, or managers by a present or former employee

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Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Workplace Violence

• Four Types of Workplace Violence

 Type 4

• Violence committed in the workplace by someone who doesn't work there, but has a personal relationship with an employee, such as an abusive spouse or domestic partner

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Hate Crime

• A criminal offense in which the motive is hatred, bias, or prejudice based on the actual or perceived race, color religion, national origin, ethnicity, gender, or sexual orientation of another individual or group of individuals

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Stalking

• A course of conduct directed at a specific person that involves repeated visual or physical proximity; nonconsensual communication; verbal, written, or implied threats; or a combination thereof that would cause a reasonable person to fear

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Stalking

• Cyberstalking

 The use of technology, such as email and the Internet, to harass individuals

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Chapter Summary

• The Bureau of Justice Statistics conducts the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS), and Federal Bureau of Investigation publishes its summary-based Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) and more detailed National Incident Based Reporting System (NIBRS).

continued on next slide

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Chapter Summary

• Homicide is the willful killing of one human being by another, whereas murder is an unlawful homicide.

• A closer look at homicide statistics tell us about the nature of the relationship between the victim and offender, types of weapons used, and most likely time and location of occurrence.

continued on next slide

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Chapter Summary

• Serial murder is criminal homicide that involves the killing of several victims in three or more separate events.

• Mass murder involves the killing of a number of victims at the same location and within a compressed time frame.

continued on next slide

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Chapter Summary

• Contemporary definitions of rape tend to be gender-neutral and count a variety of specific acts of sexual violence under the category of rape.

continued on next slide

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Chapter Summary

• Acquaintance rape is the most common scenario for pates.

• Child abuse varies in terms of the age and gender of the child, kind of abuse, and who commits it.

• Robbery is classified as a violent crime because it involves the treat or use of force.

continued on next slide

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Chapter Summary

• The four types of assault discussed in this chapter are aggravated assault, simple assault, intimate partner assault, and stranger assault.

• Three special forms of interpersonal violence are workplace violence, hate crimes, and stalking.