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Criminology

CHAPTER

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

THIRD EDITION

Crimes Against Property—It's What We Lose

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Chapter Objectives

• Summarize the nature and pattern of property crime.

• Describe the crime of burglary and various forms of burglary.

• Describe the crime of larceny-theft and the various kinds of theft.

• Describe identity theft and some of the techniques used by identity thieves.

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Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Chapter Objectives

• Describe the crime of motor vehicle theft.

• Summarize the characteristics of arson.

• Distinguish between persistent and professional thieves.

continued on next slide

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Chapter Objectives

• Expound upon the three basic categories of burglars and detail the process of target selection in burglary.

• Characterize burglars and their motivation.

• Describe the role and various types of fences and criminal receivers.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Learning Objective 10.1

Summarize the nature and pattern of property crime.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

The Extent and Patterning of Property Crime

• Both the Uniform Crime Report and the National Crime Victimization Survey report data on property crimes.

• According to the FBI, major property crimes are burglary, larceny, motor vehicle theft, and arson.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Learning Objective 10.2

Describe the crime of burglary and various forms of burglary.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Burglary

• The unlawful entry into a structure of the purpose of felony commission, generally a theft

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

FIGURE 10-2 Types of Burglary. Source: Jennifer Hardison Walters, et al., “Household Burglary, 1994–2011” (Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2013).

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Burglary

• Rates of burglary were generally higher for African-American households, regardless of family income level.

• Most burglaries involved forcibly entry.

• Most residential burglaries occur during the day, a time when residents are unlikely to be home.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

FIGURE 10-3 The Social Ecology of Burglary.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Burglary

• Residential Burglary

 Cohen and Cantor found that independent of race, the highest-income households and the lowest income households in areas both within and outside the central city had the highest victimization risk.

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Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Burglary

• Residential Burglary

 Dugan revealed that property crimes such as burglary have a greater effect on the decision to move than do violent crimes.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Learning Objective 10.3

Describe the crime of larceny-theft and the various kinds of theft.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Larceny-Theft

• Defined by the UCR program as the unlawful taking, carrying, leading, or riding away of property from the possession, or constructive possession, of another

• Just about anything can be stolen.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Larceny-Theft

• Larceny is the most frequently occurring property offense according to official data compiled by the FBI and data from the NCVS.

• Larceny-theft does not involve the use of force or other means of illegal entry.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

FIGURE 10-4 Larceny-Theft Distribution, 2012. Source: Federal Bureau of Investigation, Crime in the United States, 2012.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Larceny-Theft

• Retail Theft

 Some retail theft is shoplifting, but other theft is committed by store employees.

• Technology represents one of the best ways to address both shoplifting and employee theft.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Larceny-Theft

• Who Shoplifts?

 Self-report techniques revealed almost two-thirds of the sample had shoplifted at some point in their lifetime.

• Youth from lower-income households are more likely to shoplift than their higher- income counterparts.

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Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Larceny-Theft

• Who Shoplifts?

 Self-report techniques revealed almost two-thirds of the sample had shoplifted at some point in their lifetime.

• The relationship between social class and likelihood of shoplifting is stronger among adults.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Larceny-Theft

• Flash Mobs and Larceny

 Flash mobs are purposeful crowds of people brought together on a moment's notice through the use of social media websites.

• 10% of retail establishments report being victimized by multiple offenders who formed flash mobs.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Learning Objective 10.4

Describe identity theft and some of the techniques used by identity thieves.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Identity Theft

• Identity Theft

 The misuse of another individual's personal information to commit fraud

• Identity theft involves obtaining credit, merchandise, or services by fraudulent personal representation.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Identity Theft

• Existing account fraud vs. new account fraud

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Identity Theft

• Consumers' fears of becoming identity theft victims can also harm the digital economy.

• Identity Theft and Assumption Deterrence Act (1998) is the first federal law to make identity theft a crime.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Identity Theft

• The Identity Theft Penalty Enhancement Act (2004) added two years to federal prison sentences for criminals convicted of using stolen card numbers and other personal data to commit crimes.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Identity Theft

• Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) definition of identity theft

 The unauthorized use or attempted use of existing credit cards

 The unauthorized use or attempted use of other existing accounts

 The misuse of personal information to obtain new accounts

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Identity Theft

• Identity Thieves: Who They Are

 Identity thieves often have no prior criminal background and sometimes they have preexisting relationships with the victims.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Learning Objective 10.5

Describe the crime of motor vehicle theft.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Motor Vehicle Theft

• The theft or attempted theft of a motor vehicle

 Motor vehicle refers to various means of transportation, including automobiles, buses, motorcycles, and snow mobiles.

• The largest percent of motor vehicle thefts were stolen from a parking lot or garage.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Motor Vehicle Theft

• Theft of Car Parts

 Some car parts are worth a significant sum on the illegal market and can be sold easily.

• Joyriders: Car Theft for Fun

 The temporary use of a vehicle primarily to satisfy needs ranging from excitement to personal autonomy.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Learning Objective 10.6

Summarize the characteristics of arson.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Arson

• Any willful or malicious burning or attempt to burn a dwelling house, public building, motor vehicle or aircraft, personal property of another

 Fires that are suspicious or of unknown origin are not included in the FBI's arson statistics.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Arson

• Fire Setters

 The vast majority of those involved in arson are juveniles.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Arson

• Three general groups of juvenile fire setters

 Children younger than age 7 who start fires by accident or out of curiosity

 Children between ages 8 and 12 who may start out of curiosity, or due to an underlying psychosocial conflict

 Youth between ages 13 and 18 who has a history of fire setting, usually undetected

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Learning Objective 10.7

Distinguish between persistent and professional thieves.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Persistent vs. Professional Thieves

• Many thieves are persistent, but this does not make them professionals.

• Professional Criminal

 A criminal offender who makes a living from criminal pursuits, is recognized by other offenders as professional, and engages in offending that is planned and calculated

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Persistent vs. Professional Thieves

• Persistent Thief

 A person who continues in property crimes despite no better than an ordinary level of success

• Occasional Offender

 A criminal offender whose offending patters are guided primarily by opportunity

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Persistent vs. Professional Thieves

• The Criminal Careers of Property Offenders

 Career implies a rational progression through defined stages, with some type of planning or formalized logic to the progression.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Persistent vs. Professional Thieves

• The Criminal Careers of Property Offenders

 A criminal career in property offending consists of three distinct phases:

• "Break-in" Period

• "Stable" Period

• "Burnout" Phase

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Persistent vs. Professional Thieves

• Property Offenders and Rational Choice

 It is very common for rationalization to be used, but it is often partial or limited rationality.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Learning Objective 10.8

Expound upon the three basic categories of burglars and detail the process of target selection in burglary.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

FIGURE 10-8 Types of Burglars.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Categories of Burglars

• Low-level Burglars

 Primarily juveniles

 Often commit their crimes on the spur of the moment

 Usually work with others, are easily deterred from a target, and rewards are generally not significant

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Categories of Burglars

• Middle-range Burglars

 Generally a bit older, although they may have begun their offending in burglary as juvenile

 Use of alcohol and drugs is more common in middle-range offenders

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Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Categories of Burglars

• Middle-range Burglars

 Selection of target takes into account both potential payoff and risk involved.

 Middle-range offenders are not as easily discouraged by security devices.

 Lack of connections for dealing in stolen goods on a larger scale.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Categories of Burglars

• High-level Burglars

 Professional

 Work in organized crews and are connected with reliable sources of information about targets

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Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Categories of Burglars

• High-level Burglars

 Members of this group can earn a good living from proceeds of their crimes, which are carefully planned.

 High-level burglars may be known to police, but their activities remain largely concealed from detection.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Categories of Burglars

• Target Selection

 Retail establishments are four times more likely to be burglarized than other types of establishments.

 Most offenders are reluctant to burglarize occupied dwellings.

 Alarms and dogs are also deterrents to offenders.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Learning Objective 10.9

Characterize burglars and their motivation.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Motivation for Burglary

• The most prevalent rationale behind the offense of residential burglary is the need for fast cash.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Motivation for Burglary

• The burglary–drug connection

 Often support their lifestyle; a lifestyle that includes illicit drugs, alcohol, and sexual pursuits

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Motivation for Burglary

• Research shows a stronger connection between robbery-drugs than burglary- drugs.

 Robbery can net cash quickly and directly at any time.

 Burglary is more likely to net stolen goods than cash.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Learning Objective 10.10

Describe the role and various types of fences and criminal receivers.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Fences and Criminal Receivers

• In some cases, it is necessary to turn stolen goods into cash.

• Receiving stolen property allows for various levels of profit by individuals and groups with varying skill levels.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Fences and Criminal Receivers

• Some burglars commit their offenses specifically to get something they know someone wants.

• May also sell to people who are known to them or may take stolen goods to flea markets or auctions

• Sell to legitimate retailers representing stolen goods as legal goods

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Fences and Criminal Receivers

• Fence

 An individual or a group involved in the buying, selling, and distribution of stolen items

• This is the least common method of disposing stolen goods for the majority of thieves but is the most common method used by professional thieves.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Fences and Criminal Receivers

• Three types of criminal receivers

 Professional receivers

 Avocational receivers

 Amateur receivers

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Chapter Summary

• Property crimes are distinguished from violent personal crimes because they target things rather than people. The major property crimes are burglary, larceny, motor vehicle theft, and arson.

• The crime of burglary consists of the unlawful entry into a structure for the purpose of felony commission, generally a theft.

continued on next slide

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Chapter Summary

• Larceny is the most frequently occurring property offense.

• Identity theft is a new and special kind of larceny.

• Motor vehicle theft involves the theft or attempted theft of a motor vehicle.

• Arson refers to an intentionally set fire that maliciously damages property.

continued on next slide

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Chapter Summary

• Many thieves are persistent, but this does not make them professionals.

• The three basic categories of burglars are low-level, middle-range, and high- level.

• The most prevalent rationale behind the offense of residential burglary is the need for fast cash.

continued on next slide

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Chapter Summary

• There are three kinds of fences, or criminal receivers: professional receivers, avocational receivers, and amateur receivers.