Unit VI Scholarly Activity SP

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Social Psychology Thomas Heinzen

Heinzen, Social Psychology 1e. © SAGE Publications 2019.

Chapter 10

Helping & Prosocial Behavior

Social Psychology Thomas Heinzen

Heinzen, Social Psychology 1e. © SAGE Publications 2019.

Chapter 10

Helping & Prosocial Behavior

Core Questions

• What motivates people to help others, in general?

• Why do some people help more than others?

• What circumstances make helping more or less likely?

Heinzen, Social Psychology 1e. © SAGE Publications 2019. 3

What Motivates People to Help Others, in General?

• Prosocial behavior defined

• Altruism

• Egoistic altruism

• Four major explanations

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The Evolutionary Perspective: Prosocial Behaviors Help Our Groups Survive

• Social exchange and prosocial trading

• Kinship selection and inclusive fitness

• Hamilton’s Inequality

• Reciprocal altruism

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Prosocial Social Norms Increase Helping

• Studying prosocial behavior is tricky

• Two social norms: • Belief in a just world

• Social responsibility

• People believe “what comes around goes around”; helping and justice

• Duty to help those in need

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We Help to Avoid Negative Emotions: Negative State Relief

• People help to decrease personal distress

• Helping is done for selfish reasons

• Sadness and guilt increase compliance

• In one study: • Lying participants helped for an hour

• Honest participants helped for two minutes

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We Help Because We Care: The Empathy-Altruism Hypothesis

• The ultimate sacrifice for a stranger

• Empathy leads to compassion

• Empathy is not enough: • Capable of helping

• Other will actually benefit

• Our help more beneficial than someone else’s help

• Volunteering to receive shocks

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Why Do Some People Help More Than Others?

• Four theories explain helping in general

• Some people are more likely to help than others

• What motivated some people to help and others to walk on by? • Personality

• Religious norms

• Gender

• Culture

Heinzen, Social Psychology 1e. © SAGE Publications 2019. 9

A Prosocial Personality • Need for approval and empathy • Machiavellianism • Big 5

• Openness • Conscientiousness • Extraversion • Agreeableness (+) • Neuroticism

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Religious Norms Promote Obligations and Options

• Most religions encourage charity and altruism

• Intrinsic religiosity versus religion as quest

• Good Samaritan Study

• Moral hypocrisy versus moral integrity

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Gender and Communal Behaviors

• Women are more ethically sensitive, nurturing

• Gender socialization

• Agency versus communion

• A recent study: • Women: high communion and increasing agency

• Men: high agency but no increase in communion

Cross-Cultural Differences in Helping

• Collectivistic versus individualistic

• Focusing on the good of the group • Less likely to help strangers

• More likely to help family

• Prosocial moral reasoning • U.S. and Brazil

• Germany and India

• Spain and Turkey

What Circumstances Make Helping More or Less Likely?

• The grisly murder of Kitty Genovese

• The New York Times account

• Inaccurate, but still inspired the scientific study of helping situations

More People = Less Helping

• Urban overload hypothesis

• Urban versus rural helping

• The bystander effect • Reporting fraud

• Cyberbullying

• Playing video games

We Help People We Like (and Who Are Similar to Us)

• More likely to help friends versus strangers

• Perceived in-group members

• Providing money

• Helping someone up

Latane and Darley’s 5-Step Model of Helping

• #1: Notice

• #2: Interpret

• #3: Responsibility

• #4: Knowledge

• #5: Implement