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Criminology

CHAPTER

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

THIRD EDITION

Social Conflict—It's How We Relate

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Chapter Objectives

• Explain social conflict theories, including radical theories.

• Describe the history of conflict theory in contemporary criminology.

• Review how radical-critical and Marxist criminology reflect the principles inherent in the social conflict perspective.

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Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Chapter Objectives

• Explain how social problems might be solved from the perspective of peacemaking criminology.

• Discuss the relationship between feminist criminology and feminist thought generally.

• Describe convict criminology and explain how it differs from the other theories discussed in this chapter.

continued on next slide

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Chapter Objectives

• Show what all postmodern criminologies have in common.

• Explain the implications of conflict theory for crime-control policy.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Learning Objective 8.1

Explain social conflict theories, including radical theories.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Social Conflict Theories

• The social conflict perspective says that conflict is a fundamental aspect of social life that can never be fully resolved.

• From the conflict point of view, laws are a tool of the powerful, useful in keeping the unempowered powerless.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Social Conflict Theories

• Social class

 Distinctions made between individuals on the basis of important defining social characteristics

• Ascribed characteristics

• Those with which a person is born

• Achieved characteristics

• Those which are acquired

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Learning Objective 8.2

Describe the history of conflict theory in contemporary criminology.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

History of Conflict Theory

• Karl Marx

 One of the best-known early writers on social conflict

 According to Marx, two fundamental social classes exist within society

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

History of Conflict Theory

• Social Class

 Bourgeoisie

• Owners of the means of production

 Proletariat

• The working class

• Possessing neither capital nor means of production, must earn living by selling labor

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

History of Conflict Theory

• George B. Vold

 Describes crime as the product of political conflict between groups

 His writings led to the development of the conflict theory.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

History of Conflict Theory

• Conflict Theory

 A perspective that applies the principles and concepts developed by Karl Marx to the study of crime, and holds that the causes of crime are rooted in social conditions that empower the wealthy and the politically well-organized but disenfranchise those who are less fortunate

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

History of Conflict Theory

• Ralf Dahrendorf

 Conflict is ubiquitous, a fundamental part of and coextensive with any society.

 It is power and authority that are most at issues between groups and over which class conflicts arise.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

History of Conflict Theory

• Austin Turk

 Saw the law as a powerful tool in the service of prominent social groups seeking continued control over others

 Crime is the natural consequence of such intergroup struggle.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Learning Objective 8.3

Review how radical-critical and Marxist criminology reflect the

principles inherent in the social conflict perspective.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Radical-Critical and Marxist Criminology

• Marxist Criminology

 A perspective on crime and causation

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Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Radical-Critical and Marxist Criminology

• Marxist Criminology

 Consequence of three important historical circumstances

• Thoughts of thinkers including Marx, Engels, and Hegel

• The rise of the conflict perspective in the social sciences

• The dramatic radicalization of American academia in the 1960s and 1970s

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Radical-Critical and Marxist Criminology

• Radical-Critical Criminology

 A conflict perspective that sees crime as engendered by the unequal distribution of wealth, power, and other resources that its adherents believe is especially characteristic of capitalist societies

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Radical-Critical and Marxist Criminology

• Critique of radical-critical and Marxist criminology

 Nearly exclusive emphasis on mechanisms of social change at the expense of developed testable theory

 Failure to recognize what appears to be a fair degree of public consensus about the nature of crime

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Radical-Critical and Marxist Criminology

• Critique of radical-critical and Marxist criminology

 Criticized for sacrificing their objectivity

 Unable to explain low crime rates in some capitalist countries

 Unwilling to acknowledge or address the problems of communist countries

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Learning Objective 8.4

Explain how social problems might be solved from the perspective of

peacemaking criminology.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Peacemaking Criminology

• Social control agencies and the citizens they serve should work together to alleviate social problems and human suffering and thus reduce crime.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

FIGURE 8-2 The Differences between Peacemaking and Traditional Punishment.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Peacemaking Criminology

• Critique of Peacemaking Criminology

 Has been criticized as being naïve and utopian

 Has been criticized for failing to recognize the realities of crime control and law enforcement

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Learning Objective 8.5

Discuss the relationship between feminist criminology and feminist

thought generally.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Feminist Criminology

• A corrective model of social analysis intended to redirect the thinking of mainstream criminologists to include gender awareness

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Feminist Criminology

• Gender vs. Sex

 Gender refers to the complex sociocultural and psychological shaping, patterning, and evaluating of female and male behavior.

 Sex refers to the biologically based characteristics of female and male.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Feminist Criminology

• Feminism is a way of seeing the world described as a set of theories about women's oppression and a set of strategies for change.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Feminist Criminology

• Feminist thought views gender in terms of power relationships, revealing the inequities inherent in patriarchal structures.

 Patriarchy

• The tradition of male dominance

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Feminist Criminology

• Evidence of patriarchy can be found throughout criminology.

• Crime is often seen as an act of aggression.

• Women have been largely ignored by criminologists, heightening their sense of powerlessness and dependence upon men.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Feminist Criminology

• Forms of Feminist Thought

 Radical Feminism

 Liberal Feminism

 Socialist Feminism

 Marxist Feminism

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Feminist Criminology

• Feminist criminologists suggest that feminist thought is more important for the way it informs and challenges existing criminology than for the new theories.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Feminist Criminology

• Power Control Theory

 A perspective that holds that the distribution of crime and delinquency within society is to some degree founded upon the consequences that power relationships within the wider society hold for domestic settings and for the everyday relationships among men, women, and children within the context of family life

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Feminist Criminology

• Critique of Feminist Criminology

 Has been called a theory in formation – the greatest contribution may be yet to come

 Predicted increases in female crime rates have failed to materialize as social opportunities available to both genders have become more balanced

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Feminist Criminology

• Gender Gap

 The observed differences between male and female rates of criminal offending in a given society, such as the United States

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Learning Objective 8.6

Describe convict criminology and explain how it differs from the other theories discussed in this chapter.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Convict Criminology

• Convict Criminology

 A radical paradigm consisting of writings on criminology by convicted felons and ex-inmates who have acquired academic credentials or who are associated with credentialed others

• The primary method used by convict criminologists is ethnography.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Convict Criminology

• Critiques of Convict Criminology

 Most of the authors working in the field are white males and not ex-convicts.

 Have been faulted for their activism and partisan approach

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Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Convict Criminology

• Critiques of Convict Criminology

 Not everyone agrees that convict criminology offers an edge over traditional criminology.

 Having been in prison might actually distort a criminologist's views of his or her field rather than enhance it.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Learning Objective 8.7

Show what all postmodern criminologies have in common.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Postmodern Criminology

• Postmodern Criminology

 Developed following World War II

 Builds on the tenets inherent in postmodern thought

• Skeptical of science and the scientific method.

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Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Postmodern Criminology

• Postmodern Criminology

 Builds on the tenets inherent in postmodern thought

• Attempts to demonstrate the systematic intrusion of sexist, racist, capitalist, colonialist, and professional interests into the very content of science

• For example, criminology is androcentric.

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Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Postmodern Criminology

• Postmodern Criminology

 Builds on the tenets inherent in postmodern thought

• Attempts to demonstrate the systematic intrusion of sexist, racist, capitalist, colonialist, and professional interests into the very content of science

• Single-sex perspective, as in the case of criminologists who study only the criminality of males

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Postmodern Criminology

• Constitutive Criminology

 The assertion that individuals shape their world while also being shaped by it

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Postmodern Criminology

• Semiotics

 The theory that everything we know, say, do, think, and feel is mediated through signs

 Semiotic criminology identifies how language systems communicate uniquely encoded values.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Postmodern Criminology

• Critiques of Postmodern Criminology

 Postmodern criminologists employ vaguely defined terminology and increasingly obscure their most basic claims.

 The development of a social account of crime that lacks value or ethical foundation.

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Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Postmodern Criminology

• Critiques of Postmodern Criminology

 Postmodern criminology is more a collection of ideas about social reality rather than any sort of comprehensive or well-stated theory.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Learning Objective 8.8

Explain the implications of conflict theory for crime-control policy.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Policy Implications of Conflict Theory

• Three different levels of policy implications from conflict theory in criminology

 Redistribute Wealth

 Gradual Transition

 Conflict Resolution

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Policy Implications of Conflict Theory

• Macro-policy changes

 Widespread social change intended to redistribute wealth on the premise that crime rates will fall as poverty and social inequalities are eliminated

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Policy Implications of Conflict Theory

• Gradual transition to a more equitable society and socialized forms of government

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

FIGURE 8-4 Conflict Criminology’s Mid-Level Approaches to Crime Reduction. Source: From Criminology Today: An Integrative Introduction, 7e by Frank A. Schmalleger. Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education. Used by permission of Pearson Education.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Policy Implications of Conflict Theory

• Apply conflict resolution principles at the micro level

 Effective crime control at this level can best be achieved by adopting a model based on cooperation rather than retribution.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Policy Implications of Conflict Theory

• Peace model of crime

 An approach to crime control that focuses on effective ways for developing a shared consensus on critical issues that could seriously affect the quality of life

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Policy Implications of Conflict Theory

• Participatory Justice

 A relatively informal type of criminal justice case processing that makes use of local community resources rather than requiring traditional forms of official intervention

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Policy Implications of Conflict Theory

• Restorative Justice

 A postmodern perspective that stresses remedies and restoration rather than prison, punishment, and victim neglect

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Policy Implications of Conflict Theory

• Balanced and Restorative Justice (BARJ)

 A model of restorative justice in which the community, victim and offender should all receive balanced attention

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

FIGURE 8-6 The Balanced and Restorative Justice (BARJ) Model. Source: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, Balanced and Restorative Justice: Program Summary (Washington, DC: OJJDP, no date), p. 1.

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Chapter Summary

• Social conflict theories in criminology emphasize the significance of conflict within society.

• Karl Marx was one of the best-known early writers on social conflict.

continued on next slide

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Chapter Summary

• Radical-critical criminology is an outgrowth of Marxist criminology although both forms of thought coexisted and influenced each other.

• Peacemaking criminology holds that alleviating social problems and human suffering could reduce crime.

continued on next slide

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Chapter Summary

• Feminist criminology applies various forms of feminist thought to infuse gender awareness into mainstream criminology.

• Convict criminology is a new radical paradigm consisting of writings by convicted felons and ex-inmates.

continued on next slide

Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger

Chapter Summary

• All postmodern criminologies build on the belief that past approaches have failed to realistically assess the true causes of crime.

• Three different levels of policy implications derive from conflict theory.