Unit III Scholarly Activity

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Course Learning Outcomes for Unit III Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:

3. Analyze the literature review process necessary to complete the doctoral research study. 3.1 Examine scholarly articles for inclusion in a literature review.

Course/Unit Learning Outcomes

Learning Activity

3.1 Unit Lesson Article: “Supervision in Coaching: Systematic Literature Review” Unit III Scholarly Activity

Required Unit Resources In order to access the following resource, click the link below.

Bachkirova, T., Jackson, P., Hennig, C., & Moral, M. (2020, Autumn). Supervision in coaching: Systematic

literature review. International Coaching Psychology Review, 15(2), 31–53. https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?dire ct=true&db=a9h&AN=144722661&site=ehost-live&scope=site

Unit Lesson At this point in your dissertation journey, you may be asking yourself several questions, or you may not be sure where to move next. You are not alone in this regard. Organization is the key to make sure you can complete your doctoral journey, especially regarding writing a literature review.

(Faithiecannoise, n.d.)

Where to Begin Preparing for and creating a literature review can seem like a daunting task. For many doctoral students, it is the hardest part of writing the doctoral study/dissertation. In Unit II, the unit lesson provided you with tips on how to critically review a journal article. You were given examples of questions that you should ask as you read each article. Not only is it important to understand all of the methods and procedures for the study, but it is also critical to understand how it fits into your study. How can you use the article in your writing? Again,

UNIT III STUDY GUIDE

Building a Literature Review

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how does it support your study? For example, does it provide justification for some decision that you have made? Does it support the gap? Is it a component of one of the themes you found and will discuss in your literature review? Does it provide support for your methodology, design, or method choices? Does it provide background information for the theory or model you chose for your theoretical/conceptual framework? Once you decide an article is appropriate for your paper and you know how it will support your study, you can begin to categorize the articles.

Importance of Categorizing Articles Articles should be categorized because you will want to be organized and be able to quickly access the right articles when it comes time to write your literature review. Imagine that you are working on your literature review, and you want to write about current research for your chosen theoretical or conceptual framework. If you do not know which articles those are, then you will waste time looking for them. One method of categorizing is to save the articles in different folders on your computer. For example, you could create folders titled as methodology, design, technology acceptance model (TAM), or others to house your articles. If one article is used in multiple ways, then you could save the article in multiple folders. The downside of this approach is that you do not have any specific information for each article. Again, you may waste time rereading articles to find what you need.

Tools Needed to Succeed One method, which is ideal for those of us who like to hold paper in hand, scribble notes, and use highlighters, is to print the article (if it is short) or print the abstract page (if it is lengthy). You can categorize the article based on your need for it and write the categories at the top. The following are examples of categorizations depending on your topic: qualitative, case study, job satisfaction, and financial industry. You can highlight the passages that are important to you. Then, you can create physical folders for your articles. Another method is to create an Excel workbook to hold this information. With this approach, you could create sheet tabs at the bottom of the workbook for each category and, within that page (worksheet), store all of the information about the articles. This way, if articles serve more than one purpose, you can copy and paste a row under multiple tabs. An example of the type of information to collect from each article in order to place in an Excel worksheet is provided below.

• Author(s)

• Title

• Citation

• Methodology

• Design

• Data collection method

• Data analysis method

• Pertinent findings Either of these approaches work. The point is to have those articles handy when you write about that topic. Do what works for you! Do not waste energy and time!

Literature Review Topics The type of topics that can be used for a literature review differ based on the university and may vary slightly based on your study, so it is important that you pay close attention to your Columbia Southern University (CSU) template. A suggestion for an outline is below, but again, your headings and subheadings will be tailored to your study.

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Review the suggested outline below.

• Chapter 2: Literature Review o Introduction

• Theoretical Foundations o Theory/Model 1 o Theory/Model 2

• Review of the Literature o Topic 1

▪ Subtopic 1.1 ▪ Subtopic 1.2

o Topic 2 o Topic 3 o Methodology o Instrumentation or Data Collection Method

• Summary This outline does not tell you what must be included in these sections. In the CSU template, there are specific guidelines, but for the purposes of this class and discussion, a summary of each is provided below. The verbiage below the main heading is introductory information about what is contained in the chapter and how you conducted your literature review. Theoretical Foundations This section contains the theories or models you chose for your theoretical/conceptual framework. You will want to discuss each theory or model in-depth, including the author, the year it was created, the components, and how it will support your study. You will want to include a review of current research using that theory or model. For example, you might be using leadership style as one of your quantitative study independent variables, so you would likely be using Bass and Avolio’s (1990) full-range of transformational leadership model as a part of your theoretical framework. Similarly, you might be using toxic leadership in a qualitative study, so you might use Padilla et al.’s (2007) toxic triangle as a part of your conceptual framework. Either way, you would want to provide current research studies that use the model or theory that you will use as your theoretical/conceptual framework. Review of the Literature This section contains a discussion of all of the current research on your topic. If you are doing a qualitative study, the current research articles will be exhaustive and based on your phenomenon. If you are doing a quantitative study, the current research articles will be exhaustive and based on your variables. Topics Topics in your literature review refer to the themes that you found when gathering your current research articles. For example, you may have four main topics: leadership, motivation, creativity, and job satisfaction. Subtopics Subtopics are subthemes under each main theme. For example, under the main theme of motivation, you might have found some studies involving extrinsic motivators and some studies that involve intrinsic motivators. Methodology Under this heading, you will discuss the current research articles you found that use the same methodology and design that you are using for your research study. These articles support your decisions. For example, let’s assume that based on your problem statement and research questions, you chose a qualitative, multiple

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case study as your methodology and design. You will want to reference other current research studies that have used a qualitative case study design to explore topics similar to yours. Instrumentation or Data Collection Method Under this heading, you will discuss the current research articles you found that use the same instrument (quantitative) or data collection methods (qualitative) that you are using for your research study. These articles support your decisions. For example, let’s assume that one of your quantitative independent variables is leadership style. How do you define leadership style? There are many ways to do this. Perhaps you would use autocratic versus democratic leadership styles. Let’s assume you want to use Bass and Avolio’s (1990) full-range of transformational leadership model for your leadership styles. This means you would use the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire 5X (MLQ 5X) instrument that includes transformational versus transactional versus laissez-faire leadership. How can you justify this decision in your study? You would find current research articles that have used the MLQ 5X survey instrument for leadership styles. Then, you would discuss the articles in this section of your literature review. Summary Just like most summaries, this section contains a brief discussion of what was included in your Chapter 2. The final paragraph tells the reader what is to come in Chapters 3, 4, and 5.

Putting the Pieces Together By the time you write your literature review, you will have read and collected at least 50 peer-reviewed articles. In reality that number will probably be closer to 100 articles. You will have identified all of the important aspects of each article. You will have categorized each article so that you know exactly how it supports your study or which theme/subtheme it fits under. You have everything you need. Before you start writing, it is suggested that you create your own outline. You can use the outline above as your guide. What are the main themes that you found? What are the subthemes? Once you have your outline, then you can start to write by focusing on each section. Pull those articles up that you need for that section. Make your assertions, and then use the articles as support. Compare and contrast your selection of articles. It sounds easy, but it is not. It is a long process, and it can be arduous, but if you approach it systematically and follow the guidance provided in Unit II and Unit III, you will have a good literature review before you know it.

References Bass, B. M., & Avolio, B. J. (1990). The multifactor leadership questionnaire. Consulting Psychologists Press. Faithiecannoise. (n.d.). ID 66889533 [Illustration]. Dreamstime. https://www.dreamstime.com/stock-photo-

writing-dissertation-graduate-holding-books-laptop-d-students-big-stack-thesis-draft-image66889533 Padilla, A., Hogan, R., & Kaiser, R. B. (2007, June). The toxic triangle: Destructive leaders, susceptible

followers, and conducive environments. The Leadership Quarterly, 18(3), 176–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2007.03.001

Suggested Unit Resources Chapter 6 offers insight into how you can organize your time and space when you are working on your doctoral study/dissertation Chapter 6: Organizing Yourself

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Although you read Chapter 9 in the last unit, reviewing it again will be helpful when writing your literature review. Chapter 9: Reviewing the Literature

Learning Activities (Nongraded) Nongraded Learning Activities are provided to aid students in their course of study. You do not have to submit them. If you have questions, contact your instructor for further guidance and information. Read the article provided in the Required Unit Resources section. Write a one-page reflection paper detailing the iterative and systematic process of building a literature review. Were you surprised by the level of detail and effort needed to complete a literature review? How has this article helped to shape your plan to create the literature review for your doctoral study/dissertation?